Kaliflower Commune

Communes played an integral part of the 1960s American hippie movement.[3] Members of the 1960s counterculture movement created new social institutions in the form of Utopian communes like Kaliflower as a way to exist outside of the hegemonic system and to resist enforced heterosexuality, the Vietnam War, capitalism, racism, mass media, and the government.[6]

The Kaliflower community was founded on the same spiritual and economic principles as the Diggers: shared property and labor and the liberation of culture from commercialism.[3] The commune's members were inspired by John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the Oneida Community, a perfectionist religious communal society that existed in New York in the 1840s, and his book, The History of American Socialisms.[3][7]

Cofounder Irving Rosenthal created the Free Print Shop, a print shop in the basement of Kaliflower, as a platform for uncensored, radical, free publishing in the Bay Area.[8]

Irving Rosenthal is a writer and editor from San Francisco.[1] He studied at the University of Chicago in the late 1950s where he was an editor of the Chicago Review.[9] There he published many Beat writers including Jack Kerouac, Edward Dahlberg, and William Burroughs but he left the Chicago Review in 1959 after the University attempted to censor an issue of the Review.[9] With the disputed material he cofounded a literary review called Big Table, which was charged with obscenity. However, Rosenthal eventually won the case,[10] which Judge Julius Hoffman adjudicated.[1][9] Rosenthal then moved to New York City where he continued to edit and publish beat writers before moving to San Francisco in 1967 with the intention of setting up his own publishing commune free of censorship.[1] He moved in with Hibiscus, founder of the Cockettes, an avant garde psychedelic hippie theater group, and started the Kaliflower commune and the Free Print Shop.[9][11]

The Kaliflower spirit was one of communalism and cooperation. Many members saw their commune as their family.[1] In one issue of Kaliflower, commune members wrote, "Nuclear family members don't usually buy and sell to each other, are in fact communistic, and we wanted nuclear family intimacy among the communes".[1] It was common for members of Kaliflower to limit ties to relationships with non-communalist friends.[1] Members gave their savings to the group and were encouraged to quit outside jobs and work inside the community instead.[1] Some commune tasks included gardening, cleaning, cooking, running the Free Print Shop, maintaining a free store, or delivering the newsletter or food to other communes.[1]

The community supported a culture of polyamory, resisting attachments to a single sexual partner.[1][12] Many members slept in a group bedroom and regularly shared sexual partners, participating in what they considered to be a group marriage.[1]

Major decisions were made by consensus within the daily meeting of committed community members.[1] The commune also held voluntary criticism sessions to vent concerns with other commune members.[1] During such a session, the member who asked for criticism would invite other members to participate, and then listen in silence while concerns & criticisms were aired. Customarily the member did not respond for three days. This system of self-governance was borrowed from the 19th-century American Utopian community at Oneida, NY.[1]

Publication

The Chief 15 offset located in the Free Print Shop in the basement of the Kaliflower Commune

Rosenthal brought his printing press to the basement of Kaliflower, and the space became known as the Free Print Shop, a free, underground publishing venue for Bay Area communes.[1][8] The flyer for the opening of the Free Print Shop announced, "The Sutter Street Commune invites you to submit manuscripts, drawings, manifestos to our Free Print Shop. Free distribution guaranteed for whatever we print."[5] From then on, the Free Print Shop produced hundreds of publication including books, pamphlets, and flyers (for free services, ecology groups, political protests, announcements for free events), Food Conspiracy order sheets, and Free Medical Clinic prescription forms.[8][5]

Starting in April 1969, members of the group worked in the print shop to create Kaliflower, the free, inter-communal newsletter.[1][5][8] The newsletter was published weekly between April 1969 and December 1971, & at longer intervals through the present.[1][5] The name was a play on Kali Yuga, the Hindu name for the last and most violent age of humankind, the idea being that the publication was "a step toward a seed of positivity growing out of the age of destruction."[5] The publication's audience grew quickly.[8] After three years, it was delivered to more than 300 communes in the Bay Area, eventually becoming so well known that the commune itself became known as Kaliflower.[1][5] Every Thursday became known as "Kaliflower Day," the day in which Kaliflower was bound and distributed. Each issue of Kaliflower was printed and bound by hand using the Japanese method of overstitching yarn on either the top or side.[8]

The newsletter began as a "inter-communal bulletin board" and became a vital mode of communication amongst the communes.[1][5] It listed items that one commune needed or had to offer; upcoming free events; announcements, free ads, and how-to and skill sharing articles.[5][8] For instance, one article from November 20, 1970 contained articles on how to build cold boxes to grow food and a recipe for squash soup.[5] One from December 10, 1970 had an article titled "Yoga Nazal Cleaning" and information on herbal hair care.[5] Over time, it came to offer a broader range of information about collective living including historical context for communalism and utopianism often citing information from the Revivalist communes in the 1820s and 1840s, most notably the Oneida Commune of John Humphrey Noyes.[1]

The Free Food Conspiracy (later named the Free Food Family) was organized in 1968, in part by Kaliflower members.[1] The organization was one of the original food conspiracies, groups that pooled food stamps and other resources from participating communes and bought food in bulk which they distributed to participants on the basis of need.[13][14] By pooling resources, early food co-ops like the Free Food Conspiracy saved shopping time and provided high quality food for low bulk prices.[14] By 1973, the organization reached over 150 communes, saving money and increasing cooperation between the communes.[13] Kaliflower expressed hope that one day local communes would eventually pool enough resources to buy property and land; however the Free Food Conspiracy disbanded in 1973 due to resistance against giving up "imported cheeses and health food extravagances" in exchange for a more basic diet.[1]

Rebirth and Development, 2019

All in Common Garden, 2019

Kaliflower helped create the culture of Haight-Ashbury and the San Francisco hippie movement during the 1970s. The commune that produced it influenced the formation, structure, and principles of many other communes including The House of Love and Prayer[17] and the One Mind Temple (which became the St. John Coltrane Church).[18] Its existence continues to inspire the creation of other utopian, anti-capitalist communes and resource-sharing groups with similar values.

In 1974, the commune moved to the Mission District at 23rd and Shotwell Streets and became a new organization, Rebirth and Development.[19] As of 2011, it continues to host services such as a food pantry, referrals to free services, and a free community garden.[19] As of 2015, the community garden (All in Common Garden) supported the Free Farm Stand on Sundays at Parque Niños Unidos at 23rd and Treat Streets,[20] which is organized by a person who was part of the commune.[21]

Kaliflower is referenced in The Cockettes, a film by David Weissman and Bill Weber about a psychedelic, San Francisco based, gender-bending theater group founded by Hibiscus, one of the first members of the Kaliflower commune.[11]

Kaliflower is mentioned in The Fabulous Sylvester: The Legend, the Music, the Seventies in San Francisco, a biography by Joshua Gamson about the life of Sylvester, a queer, American singer and performer popular for his disco music.[22] Sylvester did not live at the Kaliflower house, but another cofounder of the Cockettes, Hibiscus, had been part of Kaliflower.[23]

• Free Print Shop home page
• "Conversations.org: A Conversation with Tree (Dennis Rubenstein), by Richard Whittaker". Conversations.org. 2012-04-16. Retrieved 2018-07-17.