Kharia people

The Kharia are an Austroasiatic tribal ethnic group from east-central India.[2] They originally spoke the Kharia language, which belong to Austroasiatic languages. They are sub-divided into three groups known as the Hill Kharia, Delki Kharia and the Dudh Kharia. Amongst them, the Dudh Kharia is the most educated community.[3]

Not to be confused with Kharia, Jalpaiguri.

Kharia
Kharia women in traditional dress
Total population
482,754 (2011)[1]
Regions with significant populations
 India
Odisha222,844[1]
Jharkhand196,135[1]
Chhattisgarh49,032[1]
Bihar11,569[1]
Madhya Pradesh2,429[1]
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups

History

According to linguist Paul Sidwell, Munda languages arrived on the coast of Odisha from Southeast Asia about 4000-3500 years ago.[4] The Austroasiatic language speaker spread from Southeast Asia and mixed extensively with local Indian populations.[5]

Social divisions

The Kharia comprise three tribes, the Dudh Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, and Hill Kharia.. The first two speak an Austroasiatic language, Kharia, but the Hill Kharia have switched to an Indo-Aryan language, Kharia Thar. There has not been any language development efforts made for Kharia Tar.[2]

The Dudh Kharia and Dhelki Kharia formed together one compact tribe. These Kharia people were attacked by an Ahir chief and then moved on to the Chota Nagpur Plateau.[6]

In Odisha, the Hill Kharia are mainly found in Jashipur and Karanjia Blocks of Mayurbhanj district. A few villages are also found in Morada block. In Jharkhand, they are concentrated in East Singhbhum, Gumla, Simdega districts. Though widely found in this district, Musabani, Dumaria and Chakulia Blocks are the blocks where they live in large numbers. And in West Bengal, they are in West Midnapur, Bankura and Purulia districts. The majority are in Purulia.[7]

The Hill Kharia are also called Pahari (meaning “Hill”) Kharia, Savara/Sabar, Kheria, Erenga, or Pahar. Outsiders call them Kharia but they call themselves as Sabar. They are called “Pahari (Hill) Kharia” because they live in the midst of forest and depend upon forest produces.[8]

There are several gotras (clans) among the Hill Kharia such as Golgo, Bhunia, Sandi, Gidi, Dehuri, Pichria, Nago, Tolong, Suya, Dhar, Tesa, Kotal, Kharmoi, Digar, Laha, Saddar, Sikari, Rai, Dungdung, Bilung, Kiro, Kerketta, Soreng, Kullu, Baa, Tete, Dolai, Sal, Alkosi and Khiladi. Golgo seems to be dominant one because in every village that clan is spelt out first whenever their clans were asked.

Distribution

They mainly inhabit Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal, Maharashtra. In Tripura .[9] Few families can be found in Assam and Andaman islands.[10] According to 1981 census, their population in Bihar is 141,771, in Odisha it is 144,178, and in Madhya Pradesh it is 6892.[11]

Culture

Lifestyle

The Kharia who were under zamindars during British rule are now land owning farmers in independent India. All Kharia speak their traditional dialect. The Language spoken by them is a part of the Munda Languages, which are part of the Austroasiatic languages. They are very close to the nature and culture of the tribe is influenced by its ecological and cultural surroundings.[2]

Roadside gods of the Hill Kharia Tribe

Dress

The Hill Kharia have preserved their traditional dress pattern and rest of the Kharia have been influenced by the modern contacts and changed their dressing style. Traditionally, they wear Dhoti called Bhagwan. women wear saree falling up to the ankles. A part of the saree covers their bosom. The traditional dress is nowadays going out of use. Both men and women wear ornaments generally made of Brass, Nickel, Aluminium, Silver and rarely of Gold. Dudh Kharia women prefer Gold ornaments.[12]

Economy

Different levels of economic developments on sectional basis exist among Kharia. The Hill Kharia is a food gathering, hunting and labourer community. The Dhelkis are agricultural labourers and agriculturalists, while Dudh Kharia are exclusively agriculturists in their primary economy.[13]

Kharia people are skilled in cottage industries.[14]

Religion

According to the 2011 Census on Kharias of Odisha, the majority, 60.4% follows Hinduism, followed by 39.1% Christians. Minor populations follow Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and other religions.[15]

Dances

Kharia are said to be the great dancers. Youth of both sexes dance together. sometimes they form two groups each of males and females and sing one after the other. It is like a conversation is going on between boys and girls in the form of the song.[16] The following dance patterns are prevalent among Kharias- Hario, Kinbhar, Halka, Kudhing and Jadhura.[17]

Notable people

References
  1. "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
  2. V., Upadhyay (1980). Kharia : then and now. [Place of publication not identified]: Brill. ISBN 0391018388. OCLC 948680446.
  3. Kharia-English Lexicon. Universität Leipzig, Germany: Himalyan Linguists. 2009. p. VIII – via Open Edition. the (Dudh) Kharia are also one of the most highly educated ethnic groups in all of India, with some estimates as to their rate of literacy running as high as 90%.
  4. Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.
  5. Schliesinger, Joachim (2016). Origin of the Tai People 3: Genetic and Archaeological Approaches. Booksmango. p. 71. ISBN 9781633239623. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  6. Encyclopaedic profile of Indian tribes. Sachchidananda, 1926-, Prasad, R. R., 1955- (1st ed.). New Delhi, India: Discovery Pub. House. 1996. ISBN 9788171412983. OCLC 34119387.CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; V. Upadhyay; Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; Vijay S. Upadhyay (1980). The Kharia Then and Now. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 7–25. Kharia people.
  8. Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; V. Upadhyay; Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; Vijay S. Upadhyay (1980). The Kharia Then and Now. Concept Publishing Company. p. 11. Kharia people.
  9. The Kharia, Then and Now: A Comparative Study of Hill, Dhelki, and Dudh Kharia. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. 1980. pp. 214. kharia house.
  10. Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; V. Upadhyay; Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; Vijay S. Upadhyay (1980). The Kharia Then and Now. Concept Publishing Company. p. 5. Kharia people.
  11. R. R. Prasad (1996). Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes, Volume 1. Discovery Publishing House. p. 128. ISBN 9788171412983.
  12. Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; V. Upadhyay; Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; Vijay S. Upadhyay (1980). The Kharia Then and Now. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 50, 51. Kharia people.
  13. Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; V. Upadhyay; Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi; Vijay S. Upadhyay (1980). The Kharia Then and Now. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 26. Kharia people.
  14. N. Jayapalan (2001). Indian Society and Social Institutions. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 270. ISBN 9788171569250.
  15. "ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Odisha". census.gov.in. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
  16. R. R. Prasad (1996). Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes, Volume 1. Discovery Publishing House. p. 132. ISBN 9788171412983.
  17. R. R. Prasad (1996). Encyclopaedic Profile of Indian Tribes, Volume 1. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 133–135. ISBN 9788171412983.

Further reading
  • Mukhopadhyay, C. (1998). Kharia: the victim of social stigma. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co. ISBN 81-7074-203-X
  • Dash, J. (1998). Human ecology of foragers: a study of the Kharia (Savara), Ujia (Savara), and Birhor in Similipāl hills. New Delhi: Commonwealth. ISBN 81-7169-551-5
  • Sinha, A. P. (1989). Religious life in tribal India: a case-study of Dudh Kharia. New Delhi: Classical Pub. Co. ISBN 81-7054-079-8
  • Sinha, D. (1984). The hill Kharia of Purulia: a study on the impact of poverty on a hunting and gathering tribe. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, Govt. of India.
  • Banerjee, G. C. (1982). Introduction to the Khariā language. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
  • Doongdoong, A. (1981). The Kherias of Chotanagpur: a source book. [Ranchi]: Doongdoong.
  • Vidyarthi, L. P., & Upadhyay, V. S. (1980). The Kharia, then and now: a comparative study of Hill, Dhelki, and Dudh Kharia of the central-eastern region of India. New Delhi: Concept.
  • Biligiri, H. S. (1965). Kharia; phonology, grammar and vocabulary. Poona: [Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute].
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