Kinwamakwad (Long) Lake

Kinwamakwad Lake
Kinwamakwad Lake
	Long Lake; West Long Lake; East Long Lake;
	Kinwamakwad Lake (Long Lake) in the early morning.
	Kinwamakwad Lake
Location	Marenisco Township, Michigan,; United States
Coordinates	46°14′9.16″N 89°29′56.07″W[1]
Type	mesotropic
Catchment area	16.4 ha (41 acres)[2]
Surface area	8.1 ha (20 acres)[2]
Average depth	3.8 m (12 ft)[2]
Max. depth	14 m (46 ft)[2]
Water volume	318,084 m3 (11,233,000 cu ft)[2]
Residence time	2 years
Shore length1	800 m (2,600 ft)
Surface elevation	514 m (1,686 ft)
Frozen	Ice covered typically from November to April[3]
	1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Kinwamakwad Lake, also known as Long Lake, is a seepage lake on Ojibwe lands at the University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center in Gogebic County, Michigan. The lake has been studied since the mid-1900s and used as an experimental lake for ecological studies.

Description

Kinwamakwad Lake is an hourglass-shaped lake with two deep basins to the East and West and a shallower portion in the middle of the lake. The name "Kinwamakwad" likely comes from the Ojibwe word ginwaakwad, meaning "it is long, is tall".[4][5]

Ecological studies

Kinwamakwad Lake has been studied for several decades and is a part of the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network.[6] The lake has been used in several whole-lake experiments examining the effects of nutrients and food web structure on lake productivity[7][8] as well as the effects of dissolved organic carbon on lake productivity.[2][9][10]

Records

A pair of the unofficial world's largest secchi disks reside in Kinwamakwad Lake, with both disks measuring 2.44 meters in diameter.[11]

Aerial photo of Kinwamakwad Lake (Long Lake) in 2015 during a whole-lake manipulation in which dissolved organic carbon was increased by ~50% in the treatment basin (right of the white curtain in center of the photo). The difference in water color between the two basins can be seen with a pair of unofficial world's largest secchi disks.

References

"Kinwamakwad Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. April 14, 1980. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
Zwart, Jacob A.; Craig, Nicola; Kelly, Patrick T.; Sebestyen, Stephen D.; Solomon, Christopher T.; Weidel, Brian C.; Jones, Stuart E. (2016). "Metabolic and physiochemical responses to a whole-lake experimental increase in dissolved organic carbon in a north-temperate lake". Limnology and Oceanography. 61 (2): 723–734. Bibcode:2016LimOc..61..723Z. doi:10.1002/lno.10248. ISSN 1939-5590.
Hararuk, Oleksandra; Zwart, Jacob A.; Jones, Stuart E.; Prairie, Yves; Solomon, Christopher T. (2018). "Model-Data Fusion to Test Hypothesized Drivers of Lake Carbon Cycling Reveals Importance of Physical Controls". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 123 (3): 1130–1142. Bibcode:2018JGRG..123.1130H. doi:10.1002/2017JG004084. ISSN 2169-8961.
Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4.
"The Ojibwe People's Dictionary". ojibwe.lib.umn.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
"West Long Lake (Kinwamakwad Lake) | GLEON". gleon.org. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
Christensen, David L.; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Cottingham, Kathryn L.; Knight, Susan E.; LeBouton, Joseph P.; Schindler, Daniel E.; Voichick, Nicholas; Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael L. (1996). "Pelagic responses to changes in dissolved organic carbon following division of a seepage lake". Limnology and Oceanography. 41 (3): 553–559. Bibcode:1996LimOc..41..553C. doi:10.4319/lo.1996.41.3.0553. ISSN 1939-5590.
Carpenter, Stephen R.; Christensen, David L.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Cottingham, Kathryn L.; He, Xi.; Hodgson, James R.; Kitchell, James F.; Knight, Susan E.; Pace, Michael L. (1995-03-01). "Biological Control of Eutrophication in Lakes". Environmental Science & Technology. 29 (3): 784–786. Bibcode:1995EnST...29..784C. doi:10.1021/es00003a028. ISSN 0013-936X.
Kelly, Patrick T.; Craig, Nicola; Solomon, Christopher T.; Weidel, Brian C.; Zwart, Jacob A.; Jones, Stuart E. (2016). "Experimental whole-lake increase of dissolved organic carbon concentration produces unexpected increase in crustacean zooplankton density". Global Change Biology. 22 (8): 2766–2775. Bibcode:2016GCBio..22.2766K. doi:10.1111/gcb.13260. ISSN 1365-2486. PMID 26919470.
Koizumi, Shuntaro; Craig, Nicola; Zwart, Jacob A.; Kelly, Patrick T.; Ziegler, Jacob P.; Weidel, Brian C.; Jones, Stuart E.; Solomon, Christopher T. (2018). "Canadian Science Publishing". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 75 (11): 1859–1867. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2017-0283.
Jones, Stuart E. (2017). "The University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center (UNDERC): Sixty-Five Years of Whole-Ecosystem Manipulations and Counting". Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin. 26 (2): 38–40. doi:10.1002/lob.10178. ISSN 1539-6088.

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[gnis-1] "Kinwamakwad Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. April 14, 1980. Retrieved January 9, 2019.

[lo2016-2] Zwart, Jacob A.; Craig, Nicola; Kelly, Patrick T.; Sebestyen, Stephen D.; Solomon, Christopher T.; Weidel, Brian C.; Jones, Stuart E. (2016). "Metabolic and physiochemical responses to a whole-lake experimental increase in dissolved organic carbon in a north-temperate lake". Limnology and Oceanography. 61 (2): 723–734. Bibcode:2016LimOc..61..723Z. doi:10.1002/lno.10248. ISSN 1939-5590.

[3] Hararuk, Oleksandra; Zwart, Jacob A.; Jones, Stuart E.; Prairie, Yves; Solomon, Christopher T. (2018). "Model-Data Fusion to Test Hypothesized Drivers of Lake Carbon Cycling Reveals Importance of Physical Controls". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 123 (3): 1130–1142. Bibcode:2018JGRG..123.1130H. doi:10.1002/2017JG004084. ISSN 2169-8961.

[4] Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4.

[5] "The Ojibwe People's Dictionary". ojibwe.lib.umn.edu. Retrieved 2020-04-14.

[6] "West Long Lake (Kinwamakwad Lake) | GLEON". gleon.org. Retrieved 2019-01-10.

[7] Christensen, David L.; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Cottingham, Kathryn L.; Knight, Susan E.; LeBouton, Joseph P.; Schindler, Daniel E.; Voichick, Nicholas; Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael L. (1996). "Pelagic responses to changes in dissolved organic carbon following division of a seepage lake". Limnology and Oceanography. 41 (3): 553–559. Bibcode:1996LimOc..41..553C. doi:10.4319/lo.1996.41.3.0553. ISSN 1939-5590.

[8] Carpenter, Stephen R.; Christensen, David L.; Cole, Jonathan J.; Cottingham, Kathryn L.; He, Xi.; Hodgson, James R.; Kitchell, James F.; Knight, Susan E.; Pace, Michael L. (1995-03-01). "Biological Control of Eutrophication in Lakes". Environmental Science & Technology. 29 (3): 784–786. Bibcode:1995EnST...29..784C. doi:10.1021/es00003a028. ISSN 0013-936X.

[9] Kelly, Patrick T.; Craig, Nicola; Solomon, Christopher T.; Weidel, Brian C.; Zwart, Jacob A.; Jones, Stuart E. (2016). "Experimental whole-lake increase of dissolved organic carbon concentration produces unexpected increase in crustacean zooplankton density". Global Change Biology. 22 (8): 2766–2775. Bibcode:2016GCBio..22.2766K. doi:10.1111/gcb.13260. ISSN 1365-2486. PMID 26919470.

[10] Koizumi, Shuntaro; Craig, Nicola; Zwart, Jacob A.; Kelly, Patrick T.; Ziegler, Jacob P.; Weidel, Brian C.; Jones, Stuart E.; Solomon, Christopher T. (2018). "Canadian Science Publishing". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 75 (11): 1859–1867. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2017-0283.

[11] Jones, Stuart E. (2017). "The University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center (UNDERC): Sixty-Five Years of Whole-Ecosystem Manipulations and Counting". Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin. 26 (2): 38–40. doi:10.1002/lob.10178. ISSN 1539-6088.