Knowledge graph

A knowledge graph is a knowledge base that uses a graph-structured data model or topology to integrate data. Knowledge graphs are often used to store interlinked descriptions of entities – objects, events, situations or abstract concepts – with free-form semantics.[1]

For other uses, see Knowledge graph (disambiguation).

Since the development of the Semantic Web, knowledge graphs are often associated with linked open data projects, focusing on the connections between concepts and entities.[2][3] They are also prominently associated with and used by search engines such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo; knowledge-engines and question-answering services such as WolframAlpha, Apple's Siri, and Amazon Alexa; and social networks such as LinkedIn and Facebook.

History

The term was coined as early as 1972, in a discussion of how to build modular instructional systems for courses.[4] In the late 1980s, Groningen and Twente universities jointly began a project called Knowledge Graphs, focusing on the design of semantic networks with edges restricted to a limited set of relations, to facilitate algebras on the graph. In subsequent decades, the distinction between semantic networks and knowledge graphs was blurred.

Some early knowledge graphs were topic-specific. In 1985, Wordnet was founded, capturing semantic relationships between words and meanings – an application of this idea to language itself. In 2005, Marc Wirk founded Geonames to capture relationships between different geographic names and locales and associated entities. In 1998 Andrew Edmonds of Science in Finance Ltd in the UK created a system called ThinkBase that offered fuzzy-logic based reasoning in a graphical context.[5]

In 2007, both DBpedia and Freebase were founded as graph-based knowledge repositories for general-purpose knowledge. DBpedia focused exclusively on data extracted from Wikipedia, while Freebase also included a range of public datasets. Neither described themselves as a 'knowledge graph' but developed and described related concepts.

In 2012, Google introduced their Knowledge Graph,[6] building on DBpedia and Freebase among other sources. They later incorporated RDFa, Microdata, JSON-LD content extracted from indexed web pages, including the CIA World Factbook, Wikidata, and Wikipedia.[6][7] Entity and relationship types associated with this knowledge graph have been further organized using terms from the schema.org[8] vocabulary. The Google Knowledge Graph became a successful complement to string-based search within Google, and its popularity online brought the term into more common use.[8]

Since then, several large multinationals have advertised their knowledge graphs use, further popularising the term. These include Facebook, LinkedIn, Airbnb, Microsoft, Amazon, Uber and eBay.[9]

Definitions

There is no single commonly accepted definition of a knowledge graph. Most definitions view the topic through a Semantic Web lens and include these features:[10]

  • Flexible relations among knowledge in topical domains: A knowledge graph (i) defines abstract classes and relations of entities in a schema, (ii) mainly describes real world entities and their interrelations, organized in a graph, (iii) allows for potentially interrelating arbitrary entities with each other, and (iv) covers various topical domains.[11]
  • General structure: A network of entities, their semantic types, properties, and relationships.[12][13]
  • Supporting reasoning over inferred ontologies: A knowledge graph acquires and integrates information into an ontology and applies a reasoner to derive new knowledge.[2]

There are, however, many knowledge graph representations for which some of these features are not relevant. For those knowledge graphs this simpler definition may be more useful:

  • A digital structure that represents knowledge as concepts and the relationships between them (facts). A knowledge graph can include an ontology that allows both humans and machines to understand and reason about its contents.[14]

Implementations

In addition to the above examples, the term has been used to describe open knowledge projects such as YAGO and Wikidata; federations like the Linked Open Data cloud;[15] a range of commercial search tools, including Yahoo’s semantic search assistant Spark, Google’s Knowledge Graph, and Microsoft’s Satori; and the LinkedIn and Facebook entity graphs.[2] The term is also increasingly used by note taking applications allowing a user to build their personal knowledge graph.

Using a knowledge graph for reasoning over data
Main article: Ontology (information science)

A knowledge graph formally represents semantics by describing entities and their relationships. Knowledge graphs may make use of ontologies as a schema layer. By doing this, they allow logical inference for retrieving implicit knowledge rather than only allowing queries requesting explicit knowledge.[16]

In order to allow the use of knowledge graphs in various machine learning tasks, several methods for deriving latent feature representations of entities and relations have been devised. These knowledge graph embeddings allow them to be connected to machine learning methods that require feature vectors like word embeddings. This can complement other estimates of conceptual similarity.[17] [18]

See also

References
  1. "What is a Knowledge Graph?". 2018.
  2. Ehrlinger, Lisa; Wöß, Wolfram (2016). Towards a Definition of Knowledge Graphs (PDF). SEMANTiCS2016. Leipzig: Joint Proceedings of the Posters and Demos Track of 12th International Conference on Semantic Systems - SEMANTiCS2016 and 1st International Workshop on Semantic Change & Evolving Semantics (SuCCESS16). pp. 13–16.
  3. Soylu, Ahmet (2020). "Enhancing Public Procurement in the European Union through Constructing and Exploiting an Integrated Knowledge Graph". Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2020): 430–446. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62466-8_27.
  4. Edward W. Schneider. 1973. Course Modularization Applied: The Interface System and Its Implications For Sequence Control and Data Analysis. In Association for the Development of Instructional Systems (ADIS), Chicago, Illinois, April 1972
  5. "US Trademark no 75589756".
  6. Singhal, Amit (May 16, 2012). "Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings". Official Google Blog. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  7. Schwartz, Barry (December 17, 2014). "Google's Freebase To Close After Migrating To Wikidata: Knowledge Graph Impact?". Search Engine Roundtable. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  8. McCusker, James P.; McGuiness, Deborah L. "What is a Knowledge Graph?". www.authorea.com. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  9. "Knowledge Graph Enterprises". 2020.
  10. Hogan, Aidan; Blomqvist, Eva; Cochez, Michael; d'Amato, Claudia; de Melo, Gerard; Gutierrez, Claudio; Gayo, José Emilio Labra; Kirrane, Sabrina; Neumaier, Sebastian; Polleres, Axel; Navigli, Roberto (2020-04-16). "Knowledge Graphs". arXiv:2003.02320 [cs.AI].
  11. Paulheim, Heiko (2017). "Knowledge Graph Refinement: A Survey of Approaches and Evaluation Methods" (PDF). Semantic Web: 489–508. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  12. Kroetsch, Markus; Weikum, Gerhard. "Special Issue on Knowledge Graph". Journal of Web Semantics. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  13. "What is a Knowledge Graph?|Onotext". Ontotext. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
  14. "The Knowledge Graph about Knowledge Graphs". 2020.
  15. "The Linked Open Data Cloud". lod-cloud.net. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
  16. "What are the benefits of the Google Knowledge Panel?". GKP Maker. 2020-10-06. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
  17. Hongwei Wang (October 2018). "RippleNet: Propagating User Preferences on the Knowledge Graph for Recommender Systems". ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management: 417–426. arXiv:1803.03467. doi:10.1145/3269206.3271739. S2CID 3766110.
  18. "Embedding models for knowledge graph completion".
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