Kowloon West (constituency)
The Kowloon West geographical constituency is one of the five geographical constituencies of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It was established in 1998 following a reform to the electoral system for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It currently elects six Members of the Legislative Council using the Hare quota of party-list proportional representation. In the 1998 election there were three seats. The number of seats in 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 were 4, 4, 5, 5 and 6 respectively. The constituency corresponds to the districts of Yau Tsim Mong, Sham Shui Po, and Kowloon City.
Kowloon West | |
---|---|
Geographical Constituency for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong | |
Boundary of Kowloon West in Hong Kong | |
District | Yau Tsim Mong District Sham Shui Po District Kowloon City District |
Region | Kowloon |
Population | 1,167,571 |
Electorate | 489,451 |
Current constituency | |
Created | 1998 |
Number of members | 6 |
Member(s) | Pro-Beijing (4): Priscilla Leung (BPA/KWND) Ann Chiang (DAB) Vincent Cheng (DAB) Chan Hoi-yan (Nonpartisan) Vacant (2) |
Created from | Kowloon South-west, Kowloon West, Kowloon South, Kowloon Central |
History
The constituency was formed since the 1998 legislative election, replacing a number of single-member constituencies in 1995. These were Kowloon West and parts of Kowloon Central in the 1991 election with dual-seat constituency dual-vote system and Kowloon Southwest, Kowloon West, Kowloon South, and Kowloon Central in the 1995 election. From 1985 to 1991, the seats were elected by the electoral colleges composed of the members of the district boards and Urban Council.
LegCo members for former Kowloon West constituencies, 1985–1997 | |||||||||||||||||||
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1985–1988 | Sham Shui Po | South Kowloon | Kowloon City | Part of Wong Tai Sin constituency | |||||||||||||||
Chung Pui-lam (PHKS→LDF) |
Jackie Chan (Ind) |
Daniel Tse (Ind) | |||||||||||||||||
1988–1991 | Kingsley Sit (PHKS) | ||||||||||||||||||
1991–1995 | Kowloon West | Kowloon Central | |||||||||||||||||
Frederick Fung (ADPL) |
James To (UD→DP) |
Lau Chin-shek (UD/CTU→DP/CTU) |
Conrad Lam (UD→DP) | ||||||||||||||||
Lee Cheuk-yan (CTU) | |||||||||||||||||||
1995–1997 | Kowloon West | Kowloon South-west |
Kowloon South |
Kowloon Central |
Kowloon North-east constituency | ||||||||||||||
Frederick Fung (ADPL) |
James To (DP) |
Lau Chin-shek (DP/CTU) |
Bruce Liu (ADPL) | ||||||||||||||||
Returned members
Below are all the members since the creation of the Kowloon West constituency. The number of seats allocated to Kowloon West was increased from three to five between 1998 and 2008 due to its enlargement. Councillors representing this area include:
LegCo members for Kowloon West, 1998–present | |||||||||||||||||||
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Term | Election | Member | Member | Member | Member | Member | Member | ||||||||||||
1st | 1998 | Lau Chin-shek (DP/CTU→CTU) |
James To (DP) |
Tsang Yok-sing (DAB) |
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2nd | 2000 | Frederick Fung (ADPL) | |||||||||||||||||
3rd | 2004 | ||||||||||||||||||
4th | 2008 | Wong Yuk-man (LSD→PP→Ind) |
Starry Lee (DAB) |
Priscilla Leung (Ind→BPA/KWND) | |||||||||||||||
2010 (b) | |||||||||||||||||||
5th | 2012 | Helena Wong (DP) |
Ann Chiang (DAB) |
Claudia Mo (CP→HKF) |
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6th | 2016 | Yau Wai-ching (Youngspiration) |
Lau Siu-lai (DG) | ||||||||||||||||
Mar 2018 (b) | Vincent Cheng (DAB) |
Vacant | |||||||||||||||||
Nov 2018 (b) | Chan Hoi-yan (Ind) | ||||||||||||||||||
Vacant | |||||||||||||||||||
Vacant | Vacant |
Summary of seats won
Term | Election | Distribution | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 1998 |
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2nd | 2000 |
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3rd | 2004 |
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4th | 2008 |
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5th | 2012 |
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6th | 2016 |
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1998 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | |||||||
DAB || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 | |||||||
CTU || || 1 || || || || | |||||||
ADPL || || 1 || 1 || 1 || || | |||||||
LSD || || || || 1 || || | |||||||
People Power || || || || || 1 || | |||||||
Civic || || || || || 1 || 1 | |||||||
KWND/BPA || || || || || 1 || 1 | |||||||
Democracy Groundwork | 1 | ||||||
Youngspiration || || || || || || 1 | |||||||
Independent || || || 1 || 1 || || | |||||||
Pro-democracy | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | |
Pro-Beijing | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
Seats | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
Vote share summary
1998 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic || 55.1 || 20.7 || 26.6 || 14.4 || 15.5 || 9.3 | |||||||
DAB || 21.7 || 23.5 || 27.1 || 18.9 || 20.4 || 18.8 | |||||||
ADPL || 19.3 || 35.2 || 26.4 || 17.2 || 13.2 || 5.5 | |||||||
Liberal || 2.9 || || || 6.3 || || | |||||||
CTU || || 20.7 || || || || | |||||||
LSD || || || || 18.2 || || 2.4 | |||||||
Civic || || || || 8.4 || 16.3 || 11.6 | |||||||
People Power || || || || || 16.7 || | |||||||
KWND/BPA || || || || || 14.9 || 17.8 | |||||||
Democracy Groundwork || || || || || || 13.7 | |||||||
Youngspiration || || || || || || 7.4 | |||||||
PPI || || || || || || 7.3 | |||||||
Third Side || || || || || || 4.8 | |||||||
Independent and Others || 1.1 || || 19.9 || 16.7 || 3.01 || 1.1 | |||||||
Pro-democracy | 74.3 | 76.5 | 72.1 | 64.4 | 63.1 | 58.2 | |
Pro-Beijing | 24.6 | 23.5 | 27.1 | 35.3 | 36.9 | 37.0 |
Election results
The largest remainder method (with Hare quota) of the proportional representative electoral system was introduced in 1998, replacing the single-member constituencies of the 1995 election. Elected candidates are shown in bold. Brackets indicate the quota + remainder.
2010s
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonpartisan | Chan Hoi-yan | 106,457 | 49.52 | ||
Labour | Lee Cheuk-yan | 93,047 | 43.28 | ||
Nonpartisan | Frederick Fung Kin-kee | 12,509 | 5.82 | ||
Nonpartisan | Ng Dick-hay | 1,650 | 0.77 | ||
Nonpartisan | Judy Tzeng Li-wen | 1,307 | 0.61 | ||
Majority | 13,410 | 6.24 | |||
Total valid votes | 214,970 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 1,552 | ||||
Turnout | 216,522 | 44.45 | |||
Registered electors | 487,160 | ||||
Nonpartisan gain from Nonpartisan | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DAB | Vincent Cheng Wing-shun | 107,479 | 49.91 | ||
Nonpartisan | Yiu Chung-yim | 105,060 | 48.79 | ||
Nonpartisan | Jonathan Tsoi Tung-chau | 2,794 | 1.30 | ||
Majority | 2,419 | 1.12 | |||
Total valid votes | 215,333 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 1,562 | ||||
Turnout | 216,895 | 44.31 | |||
Registered electors | 489,451 | ||||
DAB gain from Youngspiration | Swing | ||||
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Legislative Election 2016: Kowloon West | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
DAB | Ann Chiang Lai-wan Chris Ip Ngo-tung, Samuel Chan Wai-ming, Terence Siu Tin-hung, Allen Cheung Tak-wai |
52,541 | 18.84 (16.67+2.17) |
–1.57 | |
BPA (KWND) | Leung Mei-fun Leung Man-kwong, Cho Wui-hung, Kacee Ting Wong, Leung Yuen-ting, Chan Kwok-wai |
49,745 | 17.84 (16.67+1.17) |
+2.95 | |
Democracy Groundwork | Lau Siu-lai | 38,183 | 13.69 | N/A | |
Civic | Claudia Mo Man-ching Joshua Li Chun-hei |
32,323 | 11.59 | –4.75 | |
Democratic | Wong Pik-wan Ramon Yuen Hoi-man, Joshua Fung Man-tao, Chau Man-fong |
26,037 | 9.34 | –6.18 | |
Youngspiration | Yau Wai-ching | 20,643 | 7.40 | N/A | |
PPI | Wong Yuk-man, Ma Yu-sang | 20,219 | 7.25 | –9.37 | |
ADPL | Tam Kwok-kiu, Yeung Yuk, Wong Wing-kit | 15,383 | 5.52 | –7.68 | |
Third Side | Tik Chi-yuen, Wong Chun-long, Pang Yi-ting, Chen Lihong | 13,461 | 4.83 | N/A | |
LSD | Avery Ng Man-yuen | 6,811 | 2.44 | N/A | |
Politihk SS | Kwan San-wai, Ko Chi-keung | 938 | 0.34 | N/A | |
Nonpartisan | Augustine Lee Wing-hon, Foo Wai-lok | 874 | 0.31 | N/A | |
Pioneer of Victoria Park | Chu Siu-hung | 680 | 0.24 | N/A | |
Independent | Lam Yi-lai, Au Wing-ho | 634 | 0.23 | –0.14 | |
HKLP | Jonathan Ho Chi-kwong | 399 | 0.14 | N/A | |
Total valid votes | 278,871 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 4,883 | ||||
Turnout | 283,754 | 58.13 | +4.24 | ||
Registered electors | 488,129 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Legislative Election 2012: Kowloon West | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
DAB | Chiang Lai-wan Chris Ip Ngo-tung, Vincent Cheng Wing-shun, Chan Wai-ming, Lam Sum-lim |
47,363 | 20.41 (20+0.41) |
+1.51 | |
People Power | Wong Yuk-man Yim Tat-ming, Chau Tsun-kiu, Lau Tit-wai |
38,578 | 16.62 | −1.58 | |
Civic | Claudia Mo Man-ching Joe Wong Tak-chuen |
37,925 | 16.34 | +7.94 | |
Democratic | Wong Pik-wan Cheung Man-kwong, Li Yiu-kee, Yuen Hoi-man, Chong Miu-sheung |
36,029 | 15.52 | +1.12 | |
KWND | Leung Mei-fun Yang Wing-kit, Wai Hoi-ying, Leung Man-kwong |
34,548 | 14.89 | +5.29 | |
ADPL | Tam Kwok-kiu, Liu Sing-lee, Rosanda Mok Ka-han, Wong Chi-yung, Austen Ng Po-shan | 30,634 | 13.20 | −4.00 | |
Independent | Wong Yee-him | 3,746 | 1.61 | N/A | |
Ind. democrat | Wong Yat-yuk | 2,399 | 1.03 | N/A | |
Awakening Association | Lam Yi-lai, Simon Ho Ka-kuen, Au Wing-ho, Lee Ka-wai | 859 | 0.37 | +0.07 | |
Total valid votes | 232,081 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 3,952 | ||||
Turnout | 236,033 | 53.89 | +9.12 | ||
Registered electors | 437,968 |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LSD | Wong Yuk-man | 60,395 | 67.77 | ||
Nonpartisan | Pamela Peck Wan-kam | 16,640 | 18.67 | ||
Tertiary 2012 | Wong Weng-chi | 3,429 | 3.85 | ||
Nonpartisan | Chiang Sai-cheong | 3,109 | 3.49 | ||
Nonpartisan | Shea Kai-chuen | 2,517 | 2.82 | ||
Nonpartisan | Kenneth Cheung Kam-chung | 1,869 | 2.10 | ||
Nonpartisan | Lam Yi-lai | 1,069 | 1.20 | ||
Nonpartisan | Kwok Shiu-ming | 91 | 0.10 | ||
Majority | 43,755 | 49.10 | |||
Total valid votes | 89,119 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 2,682 | ||||
Turnout | 91,801 | 21.13 | |||
Registered electors | 434,519 | ||||
LSD hold | Swing |
2000s
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Legislative Election 2008: Kowloon West[3] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
DAB | Starry Lee Wai-king Chung Kong-mo, Chan Wai-ming, Vincent Cheng Wing-shun |
39,013 | 18.88 | −8.25 | |
LSD | Wong Yuk-man Lee Wai-yee |
37,553 | 18.18 | N/A | |
ADPL | Frederick Fung Kin-kee Rosanda Mok Ka-han, Tsung Po-shan, Wong Chi Yung, Yeung Chun-yu |
35,440 | 17.16 | −2.89 | |
Democratic | James To Kun-sun Lam Ho-yeung |
29,690 | 14.37 | −12.22 | |
Nonpartisan | Priscilla Leung Mei-fun Edward Leung Wai-keun, Aaron Lam Ka-fai |
19,914 | 9.64 | N/A | |
Civic | Claudia Mo Man-ching, Ng Yuet-lan, Tang Chi-ying | 17,259 | 8.35 | N/A | |
Liberal | Michael Tien Puk-sun, Ho Hin-ming | 13,011 | 6.30 | N/A | |
Nonpartisan | Lau Chin-shek | 10,553 | 5.11 | N/A | |
Independent | Tam Hoi-pong | 1,603 | 0.78 | N/A | |
Nonpartisan | Francis Chong Wing-charn | 1,076 | 0.52 | N/A | |
SDA | James Lung Wai-man, Bantawa Sukra | 591 | 0.29 | N/A | |
Nonpartisan | Lam Yi-lai | 590 | 0.29 | N/A | |
Nonpartisan | Lau Yuk-shing, Nandeed Cheung Kit-fung, David Tsui | 290 | 0.14 | N/A | |
Total valid votes | 206,583 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 1,182 | ||||
Turnout | 207,765 | 47.18 | −7.56 | ||
Registered electors | 440,335 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Legislative Election 2004: Kowloon West[4] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
DAB | Jasper Tsang Yok-sing Chung Kong-mo, Starry Lee Wai-king |
61,770 | 27.13 (25+2.13) |
+3.59 | |
Democratic | James To Kun-sun Chan Ka-wai, Lam Ho-yeung, Ma Kee |
60,539 | 26.59 (25+1.59) |
−14.68 | |
ADPL | Frederick Fung Kin-kee | 45,649 | 20.05 | −15.14 | |
Nonpartisan | Lau Chin-shek | 43,460 | 19.09 | N/A | |
ADPL | Liu Sing-lee | 13,452 | 5.91 | N/A | |
Nonpartisan | Lau Yuk-shing, Leung Suet-fong, Lau Po-kwan | 1,824 | 0.80 | N/A | |
Turnout | 227,694 | 54.74 | +12.60 | ||
Total valid votes | 227,694 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 2,368 | ||||
Turnout | 230,062 | 54.74 | +12.60 | ||
Registered electors | 420,259 |
2 | 1 | 1 |
Legislative Election 2000: Kowloon West[5] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
Democratic (CTU) | Lau Chin-shek, James To Kun-sun | 73,540 | 41.27 (25+16.27) |
−13.75 | |
ADPL | Frederick Fung Kin-kee Liu Sing-lee |
62,717 | 35.19 (25+10.2) |
+15.95 | |
DAB | Jasper Tsang Yok-sing Chung Kong-mo, Pun Kwok-wah, Wong Wai-chuen |
41,942 | 23.54 | +1.77 | |
Total valid votes | 178,199 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 1,447 | ||||
Turnout | 179,646 | 42.14 | –9.09 | ||
Registered electors | 426,288 |
1990s
2 | 1 |
Legislative Election 1998: Kowloon West[6] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
List | Candidates | Votes | % | ± | |
Democratic | Lau Chin-shek, James To Kun-sun Eric Wong Chong-ki |
113,079 | 55.05 (33.33+21.72) |
||
DAB | Jasper Tsang Yok-sing Ip Kwok-chung, Wen Choy-bon |
44,632 | 21.73 | ||
ADPL | Frederick Fung Kin-kee, Liu Sing-lee, Tam Kwok-kiu | 39,534 | 19.25 | ||
Liberal | Ringo Chiang Sai-cheong, Chan Noi-yue, Edward Li King-wah | 5,854 | 2.85 | ||
Atlas Alliance | Helen Chung Yee-fong | 2,302 | 1.12 | ||
Total valid votes | 205,401 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 1,281 | ||||
Turnout | 206,682 | 50.23 | |||
Registered electors | 411,468 |
1995 Constituencies
Kowloon Central
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADPL | Liu Sing-lee | 22,183 | 57.06 | ||
DAB | Jasper Tsang Yok-sing | 16,691 | 42.94 | ||
Majority | 5,492 | 14.08 | |||
Total valid votes | 38,874 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 592 | ||||
Turnout | 39,466 | 37.13 | |||
Registered electors | 106,296 | ||||
ADPL win (new seat) |
Kowloon South
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic (CTU) | Lau Chin-shek | 26,827 | 69.86 | ||
LDF | Wong Siu-yee | 11,572 | 30.14 | ||
Majority | 15,255 | 39.72 | |||
Total valid votes | 38,399 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 255 | ||||
Turnout | 38,654 | 36.61 | |||
Registered electors | 105,597 | ||||
Democratic win (new seat) |
Kowloon South-west
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic | James To Kun-sun | 17,731 | 66.17 | ||
ADPL | Daniel Wong Kwok-tung | 4,929 | 18.39 | ||
Independent | Kingsley Sit Ho-yin | 2,656 | 9.91 | ||
Independent | Helen Chung Yee-fong | 1,482 | 5.53 | ||
Majority | 12,802 | 47.78 | |||
Total valid votes | 26,798 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 289 | ||||
Turnout | 27,087 | 27.00 | |||
Registered electors | 100,314 | ||||
Democratic win (new seat) |
Kowloon West
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADPL | Frederick Fung Kin-kee | 28,996 | 67.37 | ||
Independent | Fu Shu-wan | 12,264 | 28.50 | ||
Independent | Wong Yin-ping | 1,778 | 4.13 | ||
Majority | 16,732 | 38.87 | |||
Total valid votes | 43,038 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected ballots | 1,043 | ||||
Turnout | 44,081 | 30.28 | |||
Registered electors | 145,568 | ||||
ADPL win (new seat) |
1991 Constituencies
Dual-seat constituency dual vote system was used with two seats to be filled in each constituency.
Kowloon Central
A by-election was held on 5 March 1995 after Lau Chin-shek resigned from his office:
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTU | Lee Cheuk-yan | uncontested | |||
CTU gain from Democratic | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
United Democrats | Lau Chin-shek | 68,489 | 37.8 | ||
United Democrats | Conrad Lam Kui-shing | 56,084 | 32.4 | ||
FTU | Chan Yuen-han | 44,894 | 22.4 | ||
Civic | Peter Chan Chi-kwan | 14,145 | 7.1 | ||
Reform | Cecilia Yeung Lai-yin | 8,257 | 4.1 | ||
Independent | John Dragon Young | 6,273 | 3.1 | ||
Independent | Justin Cheung Chung-ming | 2,158 | 1.1 | ||
Turnout | 110,043 | 38.3 | |||
United Democrats win (new seat) | |||||
United Democrats win (new seat) |
Kowloon West
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADPL | Frederick Fung Kin-kee | 36,508 | 28.9 | ||
United Democrats | James To Kun-sun | 26,352 | 20.9 | ||
Civic | Desmond Lee Yu-tai | 21,471 | 17.0 | ||
Independent | Kingsley Sit Ho-yin | 18,634 | 14.8 | ||
ADPL | Law Cheung-kwok | 17,145 | 13.6 | ||
LDF | Ng Kin-sun | 6,098 | 4.8 | ||
Turnout | 126,208 | 32.6 | |||
ADPL win (new seat) | |||||
United Democrats win (new seat) |
1985–88 Electoral Colleges
Kowloon City
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonpartisan | Daniel Tse Chi-wai | uncontested | |||
Nonpartisan hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonpartisan | Daniel Tse Chi-wai | 13 | 54.17 | ||
PHKS | Pao Ping-wing | 11 | 45.83 | ||
Civic | Peter Chan Chi-kwan | 0 | 0 | ||
Nonpartisan win (new seat) |
South Kowloon
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHKS | Kingsley Sit Ho-yin | 12 | 44.44 | ||
PHKS | Ng Kin-sun | 10 | 37.04 | ||
Nonpartisan | Clement Tao Kwok-lau | 5 | 18.52 | ||
PHKS gain from Nonpartisan | Swing | ||||
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonpartisan | Jackie Chan Chai-keung | 14 | 51.86 | ||
Nonpartisan | Ena Yuen Yin-hung | 7 | 25.93 | ||
Nonpartisan | Jacob Chan Lai-sang | 6 | 22.22 | ||
FTU | Ip Kwok-chung | 0 | 0 | ||
Nonpartisan win (new seat) |
Sham Shui Po
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHKS | Chung Pui-lam | uncontested | |||
PHKS hold | Swing |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHKS | Chung Pui-lam | 19 | 70.37 | ||
Nonpartisan | Ambrose Cheung Wing-sum | 8 | 29.63 | ||
Nonpartisan win (new seat) |
See also
References
- "Election Result - Kowloon West". Electoral Affairs Commission.
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- "2008 Legislative Election". Electoral Affairs Commission. 8 September 2008. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- "2004 Legislative Election". Electoral Affairs Commission. 15 December 2004. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 May 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- "Legco election overall result".
- http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf
- http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf
- http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf
- http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf