Laura Annie Willson

Laura Annie Buckley was born on 15 August 1877 in Halifax, Yorkshire to Charles Buckley (1836/7–1899), dyer’s labourer, and Augusta, née Leaver (1838/9–1907).[1] She started work at the age of ten as a 'half-timer' in a local textile factory.[2] Half time in factories was introduced to spare children from working a full day; instead they worked half the day and spent the rest of the time at school, which was often built within the factory compound.[3]

When she married George Henry Willson in 1899, she was described as a worsted coating weaver. Her husband was a maker of machine tools who established a successful engineering works in Halifax, which she would help to run. The Willson's had two children, George (born in 1900) and Kathleen Vega, known as Vega, (born 1910).

She became strongly involved in the trade union movement, becoming branch secretary of the Women's Labour League in Halifax in 1907.[4][5] She was also a secretary of the Halifax branch of the Women's Social and Political Union which formed in January 1906.[6]

In 1907, she took part in a weavers' strike at Hebden Bridge, where she was arrested for 'inciting persons to commit a breach of the peace'. Appearing at the magistrates court, she challenged the legitimacy of the court's exclusively male constitution, demanding to be either tried by her peers or be provided with a women lawyer.[7] She was found guilty and sentenced to fourteen days in prison. On her release, Willson reportedly said 'I went to gaol a rebel, but I have come out a regular terror'.[8] Weeks later, she was one of 75 women arrested after a suffragette rally at Caxton Hall. She was sentenced to fourteen days in Holloway Prison.[9]

She was a joint-director of the lathe-making factory Smith Barker & Willson with her husband, which during the First World War produced munitions. The predominately female workforce were trained and supervised by Laura Annie. Noticing that some of the employees were going without food so that their children could eat, she established a works canteen to ensure that the women were properly nourished. This idea was adopted by factories across the United Kingdom.[1] In 1917, the same year the Order of the British Empire honours were instituted, she was awarded an MBE for her contribution to 'Women's Work in Munitions'. [5]

Advert for Laura Annie Willson houses in Jumples

In 1919, she co-founded the Women's Engineering Society (WES) with Rachel Parsons, Margaret, Lady Moir, Lady Katharine Parsons, Eleanor Shelley-Rolls, Margaret Rowbotham and Janetta Mary Ornsby.[10][11] The aim of WES was to protect the positions that women had gained in industry during World War I, and to promote equal opportunities for women in engineering. She was president of WES from 1926 to 1928.[12]

She became the first woman member of the Federation of House Builders,[13] constructing 72 houses for workers in Halifax in 1925–26.[5] She was a founding member of the Electrical Association for Women in 1924, alongside Caroline Haslett;[2] this interest was reflected in her housing estates which had the latest gas and electricity appliances.[13] In 1927, having moved to Surrey from Halifax with her husband, Willson continued her trade as a builder by purchasing land at Englefield Green.[14]