List of IARC Group 1 Agents - Carcinogenic to humans
Substances, mixtures, and exposure circumstances in this list have been classified as Group 1 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC):[1] The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The exposure circumstance entails exposures that are carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.
Agents
Infectious conditions
Viruses
- Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with)
- Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)
- Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59
- Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with)
- Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with)
- Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus)
- Epstein-Barr virus
Bacterium
- Helicobacter pylori (infection with)
Worms
- Clonorchis sinensis (infection with)
- Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with)
- Schistosoma haematobium (infection with)
Chemical substances
- Acetaldehyde[2] toxic chemical substance found in alcoholic beverages
- Aflatoxins
- 4-Aminobiphenyl
- Aristolochic acids, and plants containing them
- Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds[note 1]
- Asbestos
- Azathioprine
- Benzene
- Benzidine, and dyes metabolized to
- Benzo[a]pyrene
- Beryllium and beryllium compounds[note 2]
- 1,3-Butadiene
- 1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan, Myleran)
- Cadmium and cadmium compounds[note 2]
- Carbadox (methyl N-[(E)-(1,4-dioxidoquinoxaline-1,4-diium-2-yl)methylideneamino]carbamate) – GHS Category 1B Carcinogen
- Chlornapazine (N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine)
- Chlorambucil
- Methyl-CCNU (1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea; Semustine)
- Bis(chloromethyl)ether
- Chloromethyl methyl ether
- Chromium(VI) (Hexavalent chromium) compounds[note 2]
- Ciclosporin
- Cyclophosphamide
- 1,2-Dichloropropane
- Diethylstilboestrol
- Ethanol toxic chemical substance found in alcoholic beverages[2][note 3]
- Erionite
- Ethylene oxide
- Etoposide alone, and in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin
- Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole
- Formaldehyde
- Gallium arsenide
- Lindane
- Melphalan
- Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation
- 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA)
- MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents
- Mustard gas (Sulfur mustard)
- 2-Naphthylamine
- Neutron radiation
- Nickel compounds[note 2]
- 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)
- N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN)
- 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
- 3,4,5,3’,4’-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126)
- Pentachlorophenol
- Polychlorinated biphenyls
- Tamoxifen[note 4]
- 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
- Thiotepa (1,1',1"-Phosphinothioylidynetrisaziridine)
- Thorium-232 and its decay products, administered intravenously as a colloidal dispersion of thorium-232 dioxide
- Treosulfan
- Trichloroethylene
- o-Toluidine
- Vinyl chloride
Physical agents
- Phosphorus-32, as phosphate
- Plutonium
- Radioiodines, short-lived isotopes, including iodine-131, from atomic reactor accidents and nuclear weapons detonation (exposure during childhood)
- Radionuclides, α-particle-emitting, internally deposited[note 5]
- Radionuclides, β-particle-emitting, internally deposited[note 5]
- Radium-224 and its decay products
- Radium-226 and its decay products
- Radium-228 and its decay products
- Radon-222 and its decay products
- Silica dust, crystalline (inhaled in the form of quartz or cristobalite from occupational sources)
- Talc containing asbestiform fibres
Complex/mixed agents
- Outdoor air pollution
- Particulate matter in outdoor air pollution
Radiations
- Ionizing radiation (all types)
- Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100-400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC) including solar radiation
- X-Radiation and gamma radiation
Mixtures
- Aflatoxins (naturally occurring mixtures of)
- Alcoholic beverages
- Areca nut
- Betel quid with tobacco
- Betel quid without tobacco
- Coal-tar pitches
- Coal-tars
- Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion of
- Engine exhaust, diesel[3]
- Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined)
- Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined) [note 6]
- Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal
- Fission products, including Strontium-90
- Leather dust
- Mineral oils, untreated and mildly treated
- Paints containing benzene
- Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing
- Plants containing aristolochic acid
- Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like, with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189) [note 7]
- Processed meat (consumption of)[4]
- Salted fish (Chinese-style)
- Shale-oils
- Soot (as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps)
- Wood dust
Exposure circumstances
- Acheson process, occupational exposure associated with
- Acid mists, strong inorganic
- Aluminium production
- Auramine production
- Boot and shoe manufacture and repair (see leather dust and benzene)
- Benzene
- Cadmium
- Chimney sweeping (see soot)
- Coal gasification
- Coal tar distillation
- Coke (fuel) production
- Furniture and cabinet making (see wood dust)
- Haematite mining (underground) with exposure to radon
- Iron and steel founding (occupational exposure to)
- Isopropanol manufacture (strong-acid process)
- Glass, making of
- Magenta dyes, manufacture of
- Painting (see benzene)
- Paving and roofing with coal tar pitch
- Rubber manufacturing industry
- Sandblasting (see silica dust)
- Smokeless tobacco
- Tobacco products
- Tobacco smoke
- Toluene
- Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices
- Nitrosamines
- Potassium nitrite
- Welding fumes
Notes
- This evaluation applies to the group of compounds as a whole and not necessarily to all individual compounds within the group.
- Evaluated as a group.
- Ethanol is not carcinogenic, but is metabolised to acetaldehyde, which is carcinogenic.
- There is also conclusive evidence that this agent (tamoxifen) reduces the risk of contralateral breast cancer.
- Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity to humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents.
- There is also convincing evidence in humans that these agents confer a protective effect against cancer in the endometrium and ovary.
- Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 with strong supporting evidence from other relevant data.
References
- "List of Classifications, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124". IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Risk to Humans. IARC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
- "IARC: IARC STRENGTHENS ITS FINDINGS ON SEVERAL CARCINOGENIC PERSONAL HABITS AND HOUSEHOLD EXPOSURES" (Press release). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Retrieved August 1, 2014.
November 2, 2009 ‐‐ IARC has updated the cancer assessments of several personal habits and household exposures that cause cancer, including tobacco, areca nut, alcohol, and household coal smoke. The update was conducted with the advice of 30 scientists from 10 countries who met at IARC in October 2009. [...] The Working Group concluded that acetaldehyde associated with alcohol consumption is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) and confirmed the classification in Group 1 of alcohol consumption and of ethanol in alcoholic beverages.
- "IARC: DIESEL ENGINE EXHAUST CARCINOGENIC" (Press release). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Retrieved August 14, 2016.
June 12, 2012 ‐‐ After a week-long meeting of international experts, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), which is part of the World Health Organization (WHO), today classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1), based on sufficient evidence that exposure is associated with an increased risk for lung cancer
- "IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat" (PDF). Retrieved 26 October 2015.
External links
- Description of the list of classifications, IARC
- List of Classifications (latest version)
- List of Classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, Volumes 1 to 124 (Last update: 8 July 2019)
- Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–123 (Last update: 25 March 2019)
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