List of Korean War Air National Guard Mobilizations
Air National Guard (ANG) units of the United States Air Force began to be mobilized in October 1950 when President Harry S. Truman issued federalization orders, bringing ANG units under federal control. Eventually, some 45,000 Air Guardsmen, about 80 percent of the force, were mobilized. Initially mobilized units were deployed to Far East Air Forces (FEAF) for combat operations in Korea. Other mobilized units were deployed to Europe to reinforce United States Air Forces in Europe.
Beginning in Feb 1951, mobilized units were assigned to Air Defense Command (ADC), Strategic Air Command (SAC) and Tactical Air Command (TAC), replacing or augmenting active-duty units. Later many ANG personnel and equipment were redeployed from their active-duty units as individual filler replacements to FEAF as required, being assigned to various combat units as replacements. Guardsmen began to be demobilized in Jul 1952, with their units being inactivated by the active-duty air force. Subsequently, the individual state Air National Guard bureaus re-activated and re-formed the units beginning in Jan 1953.
| Unit | State | Deployment Location |
Mobilized | Demobilized | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 101st Fighter-Interceptor Wing | Maine | Dow AFB, ME Grenier AFB, NH Larson AFB, WA | 1 Feb 1951 | 6 Feb 1952 | ADC; Consisted of: 101st FIS, 132d FIS, 133d FIS, 136th FIS; assigned to EADF; moved to Grenier AFB, NH, in May 1951; moved to Larson AFB, WA on 2 Aug 1951, transferred to WADF. |
| 101st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Massachusetts | Dow AFB, ME | 1 Apr 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 101st FW (ADC): F-80C Shooting Star |
| 102d Bombardment Squadron | New York | Mar AFB, CA | 1 Mar 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | 106th BG (SAC), B-29 Superfortress; mission was to train reservists to backfill rotating B-29 combat crews serving in Korea. |
| 103d Bombardment Squadron | Pennsylvania | Fairchild AFB, WA | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 111th SRW (SAC), RB-29 Superfortress |
| 103d Fighter-Interceptor Wing | Connecticut | Brainard Field, CT Suffolk County AFB, NY | 1 Mar 1951 | 6 Feb 1952 | ADC: 118th FIS, assigned to EADF; moved to Suffolk County AFB, NY, by 1 Jun 1951 |
| 105th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Tennessee | Berry Field, TN McGhee-Tyson AFB, TN | 1 May 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | Initially allocated to TAC as 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, transferred to ADC. re-designated as the 105th Fighter Interceptor Squadron. Equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts; assigned to 52d FIW; transferred to 4709th DW 6 Feb 52; moved to McGhee-Tyson AFB, in Jul 52; transferred to 35th AD (CADF) 5 Aug 52 |
| 106th Bombardment Group | New York | Mar AFB, CA | 1 Mar 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | SAC: Consisted of: 102d BS, 114th BS |
| 106th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron | Alabama | Shaw AFB, SC | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 363d TRG (TAC); RB-26C Invader |
| 107th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Michigan | Luke AFB, AZ | 1 Feb 1951 | 11 Sep 1952 | 127th FW (TAC), F-51 Mustang |
| 108th Bombardment Squadron | Illinois | Bordeaux-Mérignac AB, France Laon-Couvron AB, France | 1 Apr 1951 | 1 Jan 1953 | 126th FBW (USAFE); B-26 Invader; at Bordeaux AB until 25 May 1952 |
| 108th Fighter Group | New Jersey | Turner AFB, GA Godman AFB, KY | 1 Mar 1951 | 15 Oct 1952 | SAC: Assigned to: 40th AD. Consisted of: 141st FS, 149th FS 153d FS; Reassigned 9 Dec 1951 to Godman AFB, KY |
| 109th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Minnesota | Holman Field, MN Wold-Chamberlan APT, MN | 1 Mar 1951 | 15 Oct 1952 | 133d FIS (ADC); federalized with F-51 Mustangs; moved to Wold-Chamberlan APT, MN 28 Jun 51; transferred to 31st AD 6 Feb 52 |
| 110th Composite Squadron | Missouri | George AFB, CA | 1 Mar 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | 131st FBW (TAC), F-51 Mustang |
| 111th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing | Pennsylvania | Fairchild AFB, WA | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | SAC: Consisted of: 103d BS, 130th BS |
| 111th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Texas | Itazuke AB, Japan Taegu AB (K-2), South Korea | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 136th FBW (FEAF); F-84E Thunderjet; Combat in Korea, 1951-1952 |
| 112th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron | Ohio | Toul-Rosières AB, France | 2 Oct 1951 | 10 Jul 1952 | 117th TRW (USAFE); RB-26C Invader (Night Photographic); Operated from: Wiesbaden AB, West Germany |
| 113th Fighter-Interceptor Wing | District of Columbia | Andrews AFB, MD Newcastle County APT, DE | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | ADC; Consisted of: 121st FIS, 142d FIS, 148th FIS, assigned to EADF; moved to Newcastle AFB, DE, on 16 Feb 1951 |
| 113th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Indiana | Stout Field, IN Scott AFB, IL | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 122d FIW (ADC); federalized with F-51H Mustang acft; moved to Scott AFB, IL in May 51; transferred to 4706th Defense Wing 6 Feb 52; transferred to 33rd AD of CADF 1 Apr 52 |
| 114th Bombardment Squadron | New York | Mar AFB, CA | 1 Mar 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | 106th BG (SAC), B-29 Superfortress; mission was to train reservists to backfill rotating B-29 combat crews serving in Korea. |
| 115th Bombardment Squadron | California | Langley AFB, VA | 1 Apr 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 4400th CCTG (TAC); B-45A Tornado |
| 116th Fighter-Bomber Wing | Georgia | George AFB, CA Misawa AB, Japan | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | Deployed to FEAF: Consisted of: 158th FS, 159th FS, 196th FS |
| 116th Fighter Squadron | Washington | Moses Lake AFB, WA RAF South Ruislip, England RAF Shepherds Grove, England | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | Attached to 81st Fighter-Interceptor Group; F-86A Sabre; At Moses Lake AFB until 3 Sep 1951 |
| 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing | Alabama | Toul-Rosières AB, France | 2 Oct 1951 | 10 Jul 1952 | Deployed to USAFE: Consisted of: 112th TRS, 157th FS, 160th FS; Construction at Toul AB forced squadrons to operate as GSUs in West Germany |
| 117th Bombardment Squadron | Pennsylvania | Langley AFB, VA | 1 Apr 1951 | 1 Jan 1953 | 4400th CCTG (TAC); B-45A Tornado |
| 118th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Connecticut | Bradley Field, CT Suffolk Cty AFB, NY | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | 103d FIW (ADC); F-47N Thunderbolts; moved to Suffolk Co. AFB, NY by 1 May 51; transferred to 4709th Defense Wing 6 Feb 52 |
| 120th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Colorado | Clovis AFB, NM | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 140th FBW (TAC); F-51 Mustang |
| 121st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | District of Columbia | Andrews AFB, MD | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 113th FW (ADC); cony to F-94B by 1 Oct 51; transferred to 4710th Defense Wing 6 Feb 52 |
| 122d Fighter-Interceptor Wing | Indiana | Stout Field, IN Baer Field, IN | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | ADC: assigned to EADF, 113th FIS, 163d FIS, 166th FIS; moved to Baer Field, IN, by May 1951; transferred to CADF |
| 122d Bombardment Squadron | Louisiana | Langley AFB, VA | 1 Apr 1951 | 1 Jan 1953 | 4400th CCTG (TAC); A-26B/C Havoc |
| 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing | Kentucky | RAF Manston, England | 18 Sep 1951 | 10 Jul 1952 | Deployed to USAFE: Consisted of: 156th FS, 165th FS, 167th FBS |
| 123d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Oregon | Portland AFB, OR | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | 325th FIW (ADC); F-51 Mustang, transferred to 4704th DW 6 Feb 52; converted to F-86F Sabre jet acft by 30 Jun 52 |
| 124th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Iowa | Dow AFB, ME | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 132d FW (TAC) F-51 Mustang; at Dow AFB Apr 1951-Jan 1952; personnel and equipment re-deployed as individual filler replacements Jan 1952, reduced to administrative unit assigned to HQ TAC. |
| 125th Fighter Squadron | Oklahoma | Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, France | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 137th FBW (USAFE): F-84G Thunderjet |
| 126th Fighter-Bomber Wing | Illinois | Bordeaux-Mérignac AB, France Laon-Couvron AB, France | 1 Apr 1951 | 1 Jan 1953 | Deployed to USAFE; Consisted of: 108th BS, 168th BS, 180th BS; At Bordeaux AB until 25 May 1952 |
| 126th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Wisconsin | Gen Mitchell Fld, WI Truax Field, WI | 1 Mar 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | 128th FIW (ADC) F-80A Shooting Star; transferred to 31st AD 6 Feb 1952; converted to F-86F Sabre Apr 1952 |
| 127th Fighter Squadron | Kansas | Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, France | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 137th FBW (USAFE): F-84G Thunderjet |
| 127th Fighter-Bomber Wing | Michigan | Luke AFB, AZ | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | TAC: Consisted of 107th FS, 171st TS, 197th FS |
| 128th Fighter Squadron | Georgia | Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, France | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 137th FBW (USAFE): F-84G Thunderjet |
| 128th Fighter-Interceptor Wing | Wisconsin | Gen Mitchell Fld, WI Truax Field, WI | 1 Feb 1951 | 6 Feb 1952 | ADC: 126th FIS, 172d FIS, 176th FIS; assigned to EADF; moved to Truax Field, WI, on 16 Feb 1951; transferred to CADF. |
| 130th Bombardment Squadron | West Virginia | Fairchild AFB, WA | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 111th SRW (SAC), RB-29 Superfortress |
| 131st Fighter-Bomber Wing | Missouri | George AFB, CA | 1 Mar 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | TAC: Consisted of: 110th CS, 178th FS; 170th FBS and 192d FBS at Keflavik APT, Iceland |
| 132d Fighter-Bomber Wing | Iowa | Dow AFB, ME | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | TAC: Consisted of: 124th FBS, 173d FBS, 174th FBS; at Dow AFB Apr 1951-Jan 1952; personnel and equipment re-deployed as individual filler replacements Jan 1952, reduced to administrative unit assigned to HQ TAC. |
| 132d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Maine | Dow AFB, ME | 1 Apr 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 101st FW (ADC): F-80C Shooting Star |
| 133d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | New Hampshire | Grenier AFB, NH | 1 Feb 1951 | 11 Sep 1952 | 101st FW (ADC): F-47 Thunderbolt |
| 133d Fighter-Interceptor Wing | Minnesota | Holman Fld, MN Wold-Chamberlain Field, MN | 1 Mar 1951 | 15 Oct 1952 | ANG: assigned to EADF; 109th FIS, 175th FIS, transferred to CADF on 20 May 1951; moved to Wold-Chamberlain APT, MN, on 28 Jun 1951 |
| 134th Fighter Squadron | Vermont | Burlington MAP, VT | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | Activated at home base under ADC; F-51 Mustang |
| 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | New York | Niagara Falls MAP, NY | 1 Mar 1951 | 15 Oct 1952 | 101st FIS (ADC): F-47D Thunderbolt; transferred to 4708th Defense Wing 6 Feb 52 |
| 136th Fighter-Bomber Wing | Texas | Itazuke AB, Japan Taegu AB (K-2), South Korea | 19 Apr 1951 | 10 Jul 1952 | Deployed to FEAF: Consisted of: 111th FBS, 154th FBS, 182d FBS |
| 137th Fighter-Bomber Wing | Oklahoma | Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, France | 26 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | Deployed to USAFE; Consisted of: 125th FS, 127th FS, 128th FBS |
| 140th Fighter-Bomber Wing | Colorado | Clovis AFB, NM | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | TAC; Consisted of: 120th FS, 187th FS, 191st FBS |
| 141st Fighter-Bomber Squadron | New Jersey | Turner AFB, GA Godman AFB, KY | 1 Mar 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | 108th FG (SAC), F-84F Thunderstreak. Fighter-Escort Missions; Reassigned 9 Dec 1951 to Godman AFB, KY |
| 142d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Delaware | New Castle County APT, DE | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 113th FIG (ADC), conv to F-94B 1 Oct 51; transferred to 4710th Defense Wing 6 Feb 52 |
| 142d Fighter-Interceptor Wing | Washington | Geiger Field, WA O'Hare IAP, IL | 1 Mar 1951 | 6 Funerary 1952 | ADC; assigned to WADF; transferred to EADF on 11 Apr 1951; moved to O'Hare IAP, IL International Airport, by 1 May 1951; |
| 146th Fighter-Bomber Wing | California | Moody AFB, GA | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | TAC: Consisted of 186th FS, 190th FS, 195th FS (at Van Nuys MAP, CA) |
| 148th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Pennsylvania | Reading MAP, PA Dover AFB, DE | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 113th FW (ADC); conv to F-84C acft in May 51; moved to Dover AFB, DE by May 51; cony to F-94B acft by 1 Oct 51; transferred to 4710th Defense Wing 6 Feb 52 |
| 149th Fighter Squadron | Virginia | Turner AFB, GA Godman AFB, KY | 1 Mar 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | 108th FG (SAC), F-84F Thunderstreak. Fighter-Escort Missions; Reassigned 9 Dec 1951 to Godman AFB, KY |
| 153d Fighter Squadron | Mississippi | Turner AFB, GA Godman AFB, KY | 1 Mar 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | 108th FG (SAC), F-84F Thunderstreak. Fighter-Escort Missions; Reassigned 9 Dec 1951 to Godman AFB, KY |
| 154th Fighter Squadron | Arkansas | Itazuke AB, Japan Taegu AB (K-2), South Korea | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 136th FBW (FEAF); F-84E Thunderjet; Combat in Korea, 1951-1952 |
| 155th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron | Tennessee | Shaw AFB, SC | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 363d TRG (TAC); RF-80A Shooting Star |
| 156th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | North Carolina | RAF Manston, England | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 123d FBW (USAFE); F-84E Thunderjet |
| 157th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | South Carolina | Toul-Rosières AB, France | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 117th TRW (USAFE); RF-80A Shooting Star; Operated from: Fürstenfeldbruck AB, West Germany |
| 158th Fighter Squadron | Georgia | Misawa AB, Japan | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 116th FBW (FEAF); F-84D Thunderjet; Combat in Korea, 1951-1952 |
| 159th Fighter Squadron | Florida | Misawa AB, Japan | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 116th FBW (FEAF); F-84D Thunderjet; Combat in Korea, 1951-1952 |
| 160th Fighter Squadron | Alabama | Toul-Rosières AB, France | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 117th TRW (USAFE); RF-80A Shooting Star; Operated from: Neubiberg AB, West Germany |
| 163d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Indiana | Baer Field, IN Sioux City MAP, IA | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 122d FIW (ADC); federalized with F-51D acft; transferred to 31st AD 6 Feb 52; moved to Sioux City MAP, IA, 10 Mar 52 |
| 165th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Kentucky | RAF Manston, England | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 123d FBW (USAFE); F-84E Thunderjet |
| 166th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Ohio | Lockbourne AFB, OH Youngstown MAP, OH | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 122d FIW (ADC); federalized With F-84C Scorpions; transferred to 4706th DW 6 Feb 52; moved to Youngstown MAP, OH in Aug 52; transferred to 4708th DW in Aug 52 |
| 167th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | West Virginia | RAF Manston, England | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 123d FBW (USAFE); F-84E Thunderjet |
| 168th Bombardment Squadron | Illinois | Bordeaux-Mérignac AB, France Laon-Couvron AB, France | 1 Apr 1951 | 1 Jan 1953 | 126th FBW (USAFE); B-26 Invader; at Bordeaux AB until 25 May 1952 |
| 170th Fighter Bomber Squadron | Illinois | Keflavik APT, Iceland | 1 Mar 1951 | 1 Dec 1952 | 131st FBW (TAC), at George AFB, CA; F-51 Mustang |
| 171st Training Squadron | Michigan | Luke AFB, AZ | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 127th FW (TAC), F-51 Mustang |
| 172d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Michigan | Gen Mitchell Fld, WI Truax Field, WI | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 128th FIW (ADC) F-80A Shooting Star; transferred to 31st AD 6 Feb 1952; converted to F-86F Sabre Apr 1952 |
| 173d Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Nebraska | Dow AFB, ME | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 132d FW (TAC) F-51 Mustang; at Dow AFB Apr 1951-Jan 1952; personnel and equipment re-deployed as individual filler replacements Jan 1952, reduced to administrative unit assigned to HQ TAC. |
| 174th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Iowa | Dow AFB, ME | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 132d FW (TAC) F-51 Mustang; at Dow AFB Apr 1951-Jan 1952; personnel and equipment re-deployed as individual filler replacements Jan 1952, reduced to administrative unit assigned to HQ TAC. |
| 175th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | South Dakota | Sioux Falls MAP, SD Rapid City AFB, SD | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 133d FIS (ADC); transferred to 31st AD 6 Feb 52 |
| 176th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Wisconsin | Truax Fld, WI | 1 Feb 1951 | 31 Oct 1952 | 128th FIW (ADC); federalized with F-51 Mustangs; transferred to 31st AD 6 Feb 52; cony to F-89C Scorpion Mar 52; |
| 178th Fighter Squadron | North Dakota | George AFB, CA | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 131st FBW (TAC), F-51 Mustang |
| 179th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron | Minnesota | Duluth Aprt, MN | 1 Mar 1951 | 1 Oct 1952 | ADC: 31st AD; F-51D Mustang |
| 180th Bombardment Squadron | Missouri | Bordeaux-Mérignac AB, France Laon-Couvron AB, France | 1 Apr 1951 | 1 Jan 1953 | 126th FBW (USAFE); B-26 Invader; at Bordeaux AB until 25 May 1952 |
| 182d Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Texas | Itazuke AB, Japan Taegu AB (K-2), South Korea | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 136th FBW (FEAF); F-84E Thunderjet; Combat in Korea, 1951-1952 |
| 185th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron | Oklahoma | Shaw AFB, SC | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 363d TRG (TAC); RF-80A Shooting Star |
| 186th Fighter Squadron | Montana | Moody AFB, GA | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 146th FS (TAC) F-51 Mustang |
| 187th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Wyoming | Clovis AFB, NM | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 140th FBW (TAC); F-51 Mustang |
| 188th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | New Mexico | Long Beach Aprt, CA | 1 Feb 1951 | 11 Sep 1952 | 1st FIW (ADC); F-51 Mustang; to 4705th DW, 6 Feb 1952; 27th AD, 1 Mar 1952 |
| 190th Fighter Squadron | Idaho | Moody AFB, GA | 1 Apr 1951 | 1 Jan 1953 | 146th FS (TAC) F-51 Mustang |
| 191st Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Utah | Clovis AFB, NM | 1 Apr 1951 | 15 Nov 1952 | 140th FBW (TAC); F-51 Mustang |
| 192d Fighter-Bomber Squadron | Nevada | Keflavik APT, Iceland | 1 Mar 1951 | 15 Oct 1952 | 131st FBW (TAC), at George AFB, CA; F-51 Mustang |
| 195th Fighter Squadron | California | Van Nuys Aprt, CA | 1 Mar 1951 | 11 Dec 1952 | 146th FW (TAC); F-51 Mustang, parent 146th FW transferred to Moody AFB, GA, remained as GSU. |
| 196th Fighter-Bomber Squadron | California | Misawa AB, Japan | 10 Oct 1950 | 10 Jul 1952 | 116th FBW (FEAF); F-84D Thunderjet; Combat in Korea, 1951-1952 |
| 197th Fighter Squadron | Arizona | Luke AFB, CA | 1 Feb 1951 | 1 Nov 1952 | 127th FW (TAC), F-84A Thunderjet |
References
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.
- AIR NATIONAL GUARD FLYING UNIT KOREAN WAR MOBILIZATI0NS, 1950 - 1953. Sources: ANG Unit Date Cards, NGB-PAH, National Guard Bureau, Historical Services Division, Air National Guard Archives.
- Rosenfeld, Susan and Gross, Charles J (2007), Air National Guard at 60: A History. Air National Guard history program AFD-080527-040
- Prelude To Total Force: The Air National Guard 1943-1969, United States Air Force General Histories. Office Of Air Force History; 1St Edition, 1985 ISBN 0912799153
- Cornett, Lloyd H; Johnson, Mildred W (1980). A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization, 1946 - 1980. Peterson AFB, CO: Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center.
- Individual unit histories of above listed units
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.