List of VFL debuts in 1898

The 1898 Victorian Football League (VFL) season was the second season of the VFL. The season saw 138 Australian rules footballers make their senior VFL debut and six players transferring to new clubs having previously played in the 1897 VFL season.

Fitzroy's Fred Fontaine made his debut in the 1898 VFL season

Summary

Summary of debuts in 1897
Club VFL debuts Change of club
Carlton 22 0
Collingwood 6 1
Essendon 10 0
Fitzroy 12 0
Geelong 12 0
Melbourne 20 2
St Kilda 33 3
South Melbourne 23 0
Total 138 6

Debuts

Name Club Age at debut Round debuted Games Goals Notes
Len Morrison Carlton 25 years, 142 days 1[1] 56 7
Pat Considine Carlton 22 years, 345 days 17[2] 48 12
Bill Sharkey Carlton 24 years, 236 days 1[3] 47 0
Charlie Curtis Carlton 19 years, 155 days 2[4] 21 2
Jim Pender Carlton 20 years, 315 days 1[5] 15 4 Brother of Dan, Mick and Laurie Pender.
George Young Carlton 19 years, 270 days 10[6] 15 1
Tommy O'Day Carlton 24 years, 218 days 1[7] 13 8
Charlie Brown Carlton 24 years, 259 days 1[8] 12 1
Herman Dohrmann Carlton 24 years, 277 days 6[9] 12 2
Mick Donaghy Carlton 20 years, 223 days 8[10] 10 0
Bill Churchyard Carlton 20 years, 157 days 9[11] 10 4
Dick Stewart Carlton 25 years, 155 days 14[12] 6 0
Jim Coucher Carlton 23 years, 164 days 5[13] 5 0
Dan Pender Carlton 25 years, 68 days 3[14] 4 0 Brother of Jim, Mick and Laurie Pender.
Les Vernon Carlton 18 years, 90 days 15[15] 3 1
Des Meadowcroft Carlton 18 years, 54 days 3[16] 2 0
Alf Moore Carlton 25 years, 305 days 3[17] 2 0
Fred Barlow Carlton 24 years, 250 days 1[18] 1 0
Mick Pender Carlton 29 years, 185 days 2[19] 1 0 Brother of Dan, Jim and Laurie Pender.
Tommy Kinman Carlton 22 years, 319 days 4[20] 1 1
Jim Balharry Carlton 30 years, 119 days 16[21] 1 0
Jack Douglas Carlton 25 years, 308 days 17[22] 1 0
Arthur Leach Collingwood 22 years, 94 days 5[23] 173 92 Brother of Fred and Ted Leach. Previously played for Essendon.
Matthew Fell Collingwood 22 years, 264 days 1[24] 116 21
Bill Kennedy Collingwood 22 years, 284 days 1[25] 19 1
Mick Lynch Collingwood 20 years, 2 days 1[26] 14 15
George Cowell Collingwood 27 years, 194 days 1[27] 7 4
Bobby McCubbin Collingwood 29 years, 332 days 1[28] 6 0
Bob Bird Collingwood 23 years, 71 days 15[29] 1 0
Jimmy Larkin Essendon 23 years, 199 days 1[30] 73 61
Bill Jackson Essendon 24 years, 73 days 1[31] 27 22
Alec Hall Essendon 29 years, 130 days 1[32] 19 18
Corrie Gardner Essendon 19 years, 63 days 1[33] 12 0 Brother of Eric Gardner. Represented Australia at the 1904 Summer Olympics.
Conrad ten Brink Essendon 23 years, 103 days 1[34] 12 10
Alf Gray Essendon 23 years, 280 days 15[35] 5 0
Pat Barr Essendon 20 years, 291 days 1[36] 3 1
Pos Watson Essendon 29 years, 272 days 3[37] 2 0
Dave Currie Essendon 22 years, 9 days 4[38] 1 1
Horrie Stewart Essendon 26 years, 364 days 4[39] 1 0
Fred Fontaine Fitzroy 23 years, 359 days 9[40] 110 33
Harry Clarke Fitzroy 21 years, 231 days 10[41] 91 3
Eddie Drohan Fitzroy 21 years, 301 days 1[42] 75 5
Bill Potter Fitzroy 26 years, 95 days 1[43] 60 8
Alf McDougall Fitzroy 21 years, 193 days 6[44] 59 28 Father of Roy McDougall.
Bill Dalton Fitzroy 26 years, 154 days 1[45] 57 9 Brother of Jack Dalton.
Johnny Power Fitzroy 24 years, 41 days 2[46] 10 2
Charlie Jenkins Fitzroy 19 years, 331 days 1[47] 8 0
George Shaw Fitzroy 21 years, 132 days 10[48] 5 1
Charlie Doherty Fitzroy 22 years, 121 days 1[49] 2 0
Arthur Davidson Fitzroy 22 years, 294 days 7[50] 2 0
Jim Tulloch Fitzroy 19 years, 321 days 1[51] 1 0
Les Bailiff Geelong 20 years, 327 days 9[52] 63 0
Ernie Leighton Geelong 26 years, 72 days 5[53] 29 18
Jack O'Loughlin Geelong 24 years, 277 days 1[54] 22 1
Alf Dear Geelong 19 years, 233 days 2[55] 22 3
Dick Walker Geelong 25 years, 284 days 2[56] 14 10
Walter Cooke Geelong 21 years, 184 days 2[57] 9 1
Alec King Geelong 24 years, 52 days 11[58] 6 3
Jack Dore Geelong 23 years, 1 days 3[59] 5 0
Arthur McKenzie Geelong 18 years, 238 days 14[60] 4 0
Ossie Calvert Geelong 18 years, 9 days 13[61] 2 0
Bill Robertson Geelong 19 years, 51 days 2[62] 1 0
Ernest Anderson Geelong 20 years, 340 days 11[63] 1 0
Bill McClelland Melbourne 23 years, 164 days 11[64] 75 3
Les Rippon Melbourne 22 years, 212 days 12[65] 55 6
Vic Cumberland Melbourne 21 years, 54 days 15[66] 50 15 At 43, the oldest player to have played in the VFL. Brother of Cec Cumberland.
Richard Pirrie Melbourne 19 years, 29 days 1[67] 24 11
Eddie Byers Melbourne 23 years, 93 days 1[68] 20 1
Denis Lanigan Melbourne 23 years, 361 days 1[69] 16 1 Previously played for Collingwood.
Jack Davidson Melbourne 23 years, 95 days 13[70] 68 3
Tom Davey Melbourne 22 years, 45 days 1[71] 8 0
Pat Scanlan Melbourne 19 years, 353 days 8[72] 6 2
Les MacPherson Melbourne 17 years, 362 days 1[73] 5 1
Percy Howard Melbourne 27 years, 97 days 2[74] 5 4
Frank Staines Melbourne 21 years, 195 days 2[75] 5 0
Johnny Coghlan Melbourne 22 years, 76 days 9[76] 5 0
Dick Robertson Melbourne 21 years, 81 days 13[77] 5 0
Harold Rippon Melbourne 24 years, 178 days 14[78] 5 0 Brother of Les and Norm Rippon.
Jimmy Aitken Melbourne 26 years, 34 days 7[79] 4 0 Previously played for Carlton. First player in the VFL to play senior premiership matches for two clubs in the same season.
Art Atkinson Melbourne 20 years, 140 days 14[80] 4 1
Bobby Royle Melbourne 19 years, 263 days 1[81] 3 1
Bill Atkinson Melbourne 21 years, 319 days 15[82] 3 0
Bob Moore Melbourne 26 years, 103 days 1[83] 2 0
Norm Rippon Melbourne 20 years, 236 days 1[84] 1 0 Brother of Les and Harold Rippon.
Henry Hagenauer Melbourne 19 years, 279 days 13[85] 1 0
Howard Smith St Kilda 20 years, 68 days 1[86] 95 6
Andy Stewart St Kilda 21 years, 243 days 3[87] 49 47 Brother of George and Walter Stewart.
George Stewart St Kilda 24 years, 184 days 3[88] 29 3
Tom Blake St Kilda 24 years, 297 days 1[89] 24 4 Previously played for Carlton.
Johnny Dando St Kilda 20 years, 177 days 3[90] 23 3
George Morgan St Kilda 23 years, 122 days 11[91] 16 1
Jim Morehouse St Kilda 34 years, 48 days 1[92] 10 0
Walter Stewart St Kilda 23 years, 36 days 2[93] 10 0
Dave Gibson St Kilda 19 years, 96 days 3[94] 10 0
Tom Fogarty St Kilda 20 years, 89 days 7[95] 10 0
Jim Warne St Kilda 19 years, 96 days 10[96] 10 1
George May St Kilda 23 years, 236 days 15[97] 10 1
Peter Brady St Kilda 22 years, 359 days 1[98] 8 3
Percy Damman St Kilda 22 years, 42 days 7[99] 7 0
Bill Woodhouse St Kilda 24 years, 284 days 8[100] 7 2 Previously played for Carlton.
Artie Archer St Kilda 26 years, 201 days 1[101] 5 0
Horrie Lyons St Kilda 22 years, 130 days 1[102] 5 1 Previously played for South Melbourne.
Mark Cumming St Kilda 25 years, 291 days 1[103] 4 0
Richardson St Kilda 24 years, 245 days 1[104] 3 0
Billy Porter St Kilda 23 years, 33 days 15[105] 3 0
Harold Brookes St Kilda 22 years, 73 days 7[106] 2 2 Brother of Herbert and Norman Brookes.
Alf Clauscen St Kilda 23 years, 78 days 13[107] 2 0
David Gaunson St Kilda 18 years, 253 days 13[108] 1 0
Edmund Kirwin St Kilda 22 years, 044 days 1[109] 1 0
Harry Barr St Kilda 18 years, 133 days 3[110] 1 0
Bert Kay St Kilda 21 years, 14 days 4[111] 1 0
Edgar Maddox St Kilda 20 years, 41 days 6[112] 1 0
Don Walker St Kilda 24 years, 335 days 6[113] 1 0
Harry Thompson St Kilda 26 years, 241 days 12[114] 1 0
Ralph Hatch St Kilda 22 years, 104 days 13[115] 1 0
George Hunter St Kilda 24 years, 193 days 13[116] 1 0
Alf Smith St Kilda 31 years, 122 days 14[117] 1 0
Alf Parker St Kilda 22 years, 125 days 16[118] 1 0
Herb Louch St Kilda 23 years, 249 days 17[119] 1 0
Jack Purse St Kilda 19 years, 74 days 17[120] 1 0 Brother of Hugh Purse.
Jack Todd St Kilda 19 years, 134 days 17[121] 1 0
Henri Jeanneret South Melbourne 20 years, 133 days 1[122] 79 12 Born in Switzerland.
Albert Trim South Melbourne 22 years, 220 days 1[123] 65 0
Charlie Colgan South Melbourne 19 years, 314 days 1[124] 37 43
George Cornelius South Melbourne 23 years, 275 days 1[125] 16 2
Warwick Armstrong South Melbourne 19 years, 111 days 17[126] 16 18 Captained the Australian cricket team.
George Sparrow South Melbourne 28 years, 175 days 7[127] 14 2
Arch McNair South Melbourne 17 years, 298 days 11[128] 13 0
Johnny Davis South Melbourne 21 years, 208 days 1[129] 10 6
Jim Jolly South Melbourne 25 years, 342 days 3[130] 7 0
Val Robertson South Melbourne 19 years, 110 days 12[131] 7 0
Eddie Brown South Melbourne 20 years, 216 days 1[132] 5 1
Jason Ralph South Melbourne 25 years, 348 days 6[133] 5 0
John McDermott South Melbourne 26 years, 39 days 8[134] 5 3
Harry Gardner South Melbourne 20 years, 163 days 13[135] 5 0
Artie Machin South Melbourne 23 years, 265 days 3[136] 3 0
Bob O'Donnell South Melbourne 28 years, 63 days 8[137] 3 2
Joe Chandler South Melbourne 20 years, 336 days 14[138] 3 2
Billy Kenny South Melbourne 26 years, 239 days 1[139] 2 0 Father of Bill Kenny.
Joe Strong South Melbourne 22 years, 36 days 10[140] 2 0
Tom Smith South Melbourne 25 years, 260 days 11[141] 2 0
Jack O'Hara South Melbourne 31 years, 337 days 15[142] 2 1
George Taylor South Melbourne 21 years, 331 days 13[143] 1 0
Jim McArthur South Melbourne 28 years, 38 days 14[144] 1 0

References

  1. "Len Morrison statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  2. "Pat Considine statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  3. "Bill Sharkey statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  4. "Charlie Curtis statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  5. "Jim Pender statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  6. "George Young statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  7. "Tommy O'Day statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  8. "Charlie Brown statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  9. "Herman Dohrmann statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  10. "Mick Donaghy statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  11. "Bill Churchyard statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  12. "Dick Stewart statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  13. "Jim Coucher statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  14. "Dan Pender statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  15. "Les Vernon statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  16. "Des Meadowcroft statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  17. "Alf Moore statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  18. "Fred Barlow statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  19. "Mick Pender statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  20. "Tommy Kinman statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  21. "Jim Balharry statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  22. "Jack Douglas statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  23. "Arthur Leach statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  24. "Matthew Fell statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  25. "Bill Kennedy statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  26. "Mick Lynch statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  27. "George Cowell statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  28. "Bobby McCubbin statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  29. "Bob Bird statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  30. "Jimmy Larkin statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  31. "Bill Jackson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  32. "Alec Hall statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  33. "Corrie Gardner statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  34. "Conrad Tenbrink statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  35. "Alf Gray statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  36. "Pat Barr statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  37. "Pos Watson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  38. "Dave Currie statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  39. "Horrie Stewart statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  40. "Fred Fontaine statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  41. "Harry Clarke statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  42. "Eddie Drohan statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  43. "Bill Potter statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  44. "Abe McDougall statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  45. "Bill Dalton statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  46. "Johnny Power statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  47. "Charlie Jenkins statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  48. "George Shaw statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  49. "Charlie Doherty statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  50. "Arthur Davidson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  51. "Jim Tulloch statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  52. "Les Bailiff statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  53. "Ernie Leighton statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  54. "Jack O'Loughlin statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  55. "Alf Dear statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  56. "Dick Walker statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  57. "Walter Cooke statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  58. "Alec King statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  59. "Jack Dore statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  60. "Arthur McKenzie statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  61. "Ossie Calvert statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  62. "Bill Robertson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  63. "Ernest Anderson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  64. "Bill McClelland statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  65. "Les Rippon statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  66. "Vic Cumberland statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  67. "Dick Pirrie statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  68. "Eddie Byers statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  69. "Denis Lanigan statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  70. "Jack Davidson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  71. "Tom Davey statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  72. "Pat Scanlan statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  73. "Les MacPherson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  74. "Percy Howard statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  75. "Frank Staines statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  76. "Johnny Coghlan statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  77. "Dick Robertson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  78. "Harold Rippon statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  79. "Jimmy Aitken statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  80. "Art Atkinson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  81. "Bobby Royle statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  82. "Bill Atkinson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  83. "Bob Moore statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  84. "Norm Rippon statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  85. "Henry Hagenauer statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  86. "Howard Smith statistics". Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  87. "Andy Stewart statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  88. "George Stewart statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  89. "Tom Blake statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  90. "Johnny Dando statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  91. "George Morgan statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  92. "Jim Morehouse statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  93. "Walter Stewart statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  94. "Dave Gibson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  95. "Tom Fogarty statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  96. "Jim Warne statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  97. "George May statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  98. "Peter Brady statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  99. "Percy Damman statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  100. "Bill Woodhouse statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  101. "Artie Archer statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  102. "Horrie Lyons statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  103. "Mark Cumming statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  104. "Richardson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  105. "Billy Porter statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  106. "Harold Brookes statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  107. "Alf Clauscen statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  108. "David Gaunson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  109. "Edmund Kirwin statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  110. "Harry Barr statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  111. "Bert Kay statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  112. "Edgar Maddox statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  113. "Don Walker statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  114. "Harry Thompson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  115. "Ralph Hatch statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  116. "George Hunter statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  117. "Alf Smith statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  118. "Alf Parker statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  119. "Herb Louch statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  120. "Jack Purse statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  121. "Jack Todd statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  122. "Henri Jeanneret statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  123. "Albert Trim statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  124. "Charlie Colgan statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  125. "George Cornelius statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  126. "Warwick Armstrong statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  127. "George Sparrow statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  128. "Arch McNair statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  129. "Johnny Davis statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  130. "Jim Jolly statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  131. "Val Robertson statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  132. "Eddie Brown statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  133. "Jason Ralph statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  134. "John McDermott statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  135. "Harry Gardner statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  136. "Artie Machin statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  137. "Bob O'Donnell statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  138. "Joe Chandler statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  139. "Billy Kenny statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  140. "Joe Strong statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  141. "Tom Smith statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  142. "Jack O'Hara statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  143. "George Taylor statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  144. "Jim McArthur statistics". AFL Tables. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.