List of endemic birds of Borneo

Borneo is home to a single endemic family: Pityriaseidae, which contains a single endemic genus (Pityriasis) with a single endemic species, the Bornean bristlehead.[1] In addition, the island holds two other endemic genera, both of which are also monotypic: Chlamydochaera (the fruithunter) and Haematortyx (the crimson-headed partridge).[1] Two other monotypic genera formerly considered to be endemic to the island—Chlorocharis and Oculocincta—have since been merged into more widespread genera. Chlorocharis was merged into the large white-eye genus Zosterops after molecular studies showed it nested comfortably within that genus. The same studies showed that Oculocincta was embedded within the smaller white-eye genus Heleia, leading it to be moved as well.[2][3][4]

Map of Borneo, showing the island's topography

Nearly all of Borneo's endemic species are forest birds; only the dusky munia is not. In all, roughly 10% of Borneo's forest birds are endemic to the island. Of these, 60% are montane species, 30% are found on lower slopes, and 10% are lowland species.[5]

Endemic Bird Areas
Mount Kinabalu holds all of the island's montane endemics.[5]

Birdlife International defines Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) as places where the breeding ranges of two or more range-restricted species (those with breeding ranges of less than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)) overlap. In order to qualify, the whole of the breeding range of at least two range-restricted species must fall entirely within the EBA.[6] Borneo has one such area. The Bornean mountains EBA (157) comprises 130,000 km2 (50,000 sq mi) of mountain ranges in Borneo's interior, at an altitude above 500 m (1,600 ft) in elevation. These mountains are found in all three countries which share the island. Two of Borneo's three endemic genera are found here; only the Borneo Bristlehead is found at lower elevations. In total, 29 range-restricted species occur within this EBA.[7]

BirdLife International has also designated five Secondary EBAs for Borneo: two smaller island groups and three areas on Borneo itself. Secondary EBAs are those which either include the breeding range of only a single range-restricted species, or those which cover only part of a range-restricted bird's breeding area.[8]

  • The Sabah lowlands secondary area (s098) encompasses the lowlands of the Malaysian state of Sabah, at the northern end of Borneo. The breeding range of the white-fronted falconet, a near-threatened species, falls entirely within the area. Part of the breeding range of the white-crowned shama is also included. The secondary area includes eight designated IBAs.[10]
  • the Kalimantan lowlands secondary area (s099) encompasses the lowland forest thought to contain the breeding range of the black-browed babbler, a presumably threatened species known only from a single specimen. There are no IBAs in this secondary area.[11]

List of endemic species

The taxonomic order of this list follows that of the International Ornithological Committee.[4]

Taxon.
order		Common nameScientific nameEBA
1 Hose's partridge Rhizothera dulitensis
2 Red-breasted partridge Arborophila hyperythra 157
3 Crimson-headed partridge Haematortyx sanguiniceps 157
4 Bulwer's pheasant Lophura bulweri
5 Bornean peacock-pheasant Polyplectron schleiermacher
6 Dulit frogmouth Batrachostomus harterti 157
7 Bornean frogmouth Batrachostomus mixtus
8 Bornean swiftlet Collocalia dodgei
9 Bornean ground cuckoo Carpococcyx radiceus
10 Mountain serpent eagle Spilornis kinabaluensis 157
11 Whitehead's trogon Harpactes whiteheadi 157
12 Mountain barbet Psilopogon monticola 157
13 Golden-naped barbet Psilopogon pulcherrimus 157
14 Bornean barbet Psilopogon eximius 157
15 Brown barbet Caloramphus fuliginosus
16 White-fronted falconet Microhierax latifrons s098
17 Hose's broadbill Calyptomena hosii 157
18 Whitehead's broadbill Calyptomena whiteheadi 157
19 Bornean banded pitta Hydrornis schwaneri
20 Blue-headed pitta Hydrornis baudii
21 Black-crowned pitta Erythropitta ussheri
22 Blue-banded pitta Erythropitta arquata
23 Bornean bristlehead Pityriasis gymnocephala
24 Bornean whistler Pachycephala hypoxantha 157
25 Black oriole Oriolus hosii 157
26 Bornean green magpie Cissa jefferyi
27 Bornean treepie Dendrocitta cinerascens
28 Charlotte's bulbul Iole charlottae
29 Bornean bulbul Rubigula montis
30 Cream-eyed bulbul Pycnonotus pseudosimplex
31 Pale-faced bulbul Pycnonotus leucops
32 Bornean stubtail Urosphena whiteheadi 157
33 Friendly bush-warbler Locustella accentor 157
34 Chestnut-crested yuhina Staphida everetti 157
35 Pygmy white-eye Heleia squamifrons 157
36 Mountain blackeye Zosterops emiliae 157
37 Bare-headed laughingthrush Melanocichla calva 157
38 Black-throated wren-babbler Turdinus atrigularis
39 Black-browed babbler Malacocincla perspicillata
40 Mountain wren-babbler Gypsophila crassa 157
41 Bornean wren-babbler Ptilocichla leucogrammica
42 Chestnut-hooded laughingthrush Ianthocincla mitrata
43 Everett's thrush Zoothera everetti 157
44 Fruithunter Chlamydochaera jefferyi 157
45 White-crowned shama Copsychus stricklandii
46 Bornean blue flycatcher Cyornis superbus
47 Eyebrowed jungle flycatcher Vauriella gularis 157
48 Bornean forktail Enicurus borneensis
49 Bornean whistling-thrush Myophonus borneensis
50 Bornean leafbird Chloropsis kinabaluensis
51 Yellow-rumped flowerpecker Prionochilus xanthopygius
52 Spectacled flowerpecker Dicaeum dayakorum
53 Black-sided flowerpecker Dicaeum monticolum 157
54 Bornean spiderhunter Arachnothera everetti
55 Whitehead's spiderhunter Arachnothera juliae 157
56 Dusky munia Lonchura fuscans


Notes
  1. Myers 2016, p. 22.
  2. Moyle et al. 2009, p. 1864.
  3. Lim et al. 2018.
  4. Gill, Donsker & Rasmussen 2021.
  5. Davison 2016, p. 8.
  6. "Most Endemic Bird Areas are in the tropics and important for other biodiversity too". BirdLife International. 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  7. "Data Zone: Bornean mountains". BirdLife International. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  8. Stattersfield et al. 1998, p. 24.
  9. "Data Zone: North-east Bornean islands". BirdLife International. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  10. "Data Zone: Sabah lowlands". BirdLife International. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  11. "Data Zone: Kalimantan lowlands". BirdLife International. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  12. "Data Zone: Bornean coastal zone". BirdLife International. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  13. "Data Zone: Natuna Islands". BirdLife International. Retrieved 31 December 2020.

References
  • Davison, G. W. H. (2016). Birds of Borneo: Sabah, Sarawak, Brunei and Kalimantan. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4729-3287-7.
  • Gill, Frank; Donsker, David & Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2021). "IOC World Bird List". IOC. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  • Lim, B.T.M.; Sadanandan, K.R.; Dingle, C.; Leung, Y.Y.; Prawiradilaga, D.M.; Irham, M.; Ashari, H.; Lee, J.G.H.; Rheindt, F.E. (2018). "Molecular evidence suggests radical revision of species limits in the great speciator white‑eye genus Zosterops". Journal of Ornithology. 160: 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10336-018-1583-7.
  • Moyle, Robert G.; Filardi, Christopher F.; Smith, Catherine E. & Diamond, Jared (10 February 2009). "Explosive Pleistocene diversification and hemispheric expansion of a great speciator" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (6): 1863–1868. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809861105. JSTOR 40421688. PMID 19181851.
  • Myers, Susan (2016). Birds of Borneo (2nd ed.). London, UK: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4729-2444-5.
  • Stattersfield, Alison J.; Crosby, Michael J.; Long, Adrian J. & Wege, David C. (1998). Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. ISBN 978-0-946888-33-7.
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