List of heirs to the French throne

The following is a list of the heirs to the throne of the Kingdom of France, that is, those who were legally next in line to assume the throne upon the death of the King.

Coat of arms of the Dauphin of France, a title used by the heir-apparent to the French throne from 1350 to 1791, and from 1824 to 1830.
Heraldic crown of the Dauphin of France.

From 987 to 1792, all heirs to the French throne were male-line descendants of Hugh Capet.

Capetian associate kings

The crown of France under the earliest Capetian monarchs was elective, not hereditary. There was no mechanism for automatic succession unless an heir was crowned as associate king, ready to step up as primary king when the previous king died. This procedure was very similar to the method by which the Germans elected a King of the Romans during the lifetime of the German monarch. The early Capetians generally made sure their sons were crowned as associate kings with them, with such success that the inheritance of the eldest son and heir to the kingship came to be accepted as a matter of right. Louis VI of France was the first king to take the throne without having been crowned in his father's time; however, his right to take the throne was initially contested.

Co-kingRelationship
to Monarch
CrownedCo-kingship ceasedReasonMonarch
Robert (II)son30 December 98724 October 996became sole kingHugh Capet
Hugh Magnusson19 June 101717 September 1025diedRobert II of France
Henry (I)son14 May 102720 July 1031became sole king
Philip (I)son23 May 10594 August 1060became sole kingHenry I of France
Philipson14 April 112913 October 1131diedLouis VI of France
Louis (VII)son25 October 11311 August 1137became sole king
Philip (II)son1 November 117918 September 1180became sole kingLouis VII of France

Capetian heirs by Salic succession I

After the accession of Philip II of France, the throne became de jure as well as de facto hereditary, so that on the death of the king, the legal heir became king immediately, and could exercise authority without coronation. The throne passed to the closest male heir.

Heirs who actually succeeded are shown in bold type. From 1350 on, the heir apparent to the French throne was styled Dauphin. Heirs so styled are accompanied on the table below by an image of the Dauphin's coat of arms. The title was abandoned in 1791 in favor of the style Prince Royal, less than a year before the abolition of the monarchy.

HeirStatusRelationship to MonarchBecame heirCeased to be heirNext in succession
relation to heir, dates
Monarch
DateReasonDateReason
Louisheir apparentson5 September 1187born14 July 1223became kingsuccession uncertain (1187-1209)[1]Philip II of France
Philip
son (1209-1218)
Louis
son (1218-1223)
Louisheir apparentson14 July 1223father became king8 November 1226became kingRobert I of Artois
brother (1223-1226)
Louis VIII of France
Robert I of Artoisheir presumptivebrother8 November 1226brother became king25 February 1244birth of heirJean Tristan
brother (1226-1232)
Louis IX of France
Alfonso, Count of Poitou
brother (1232-1244)
Louisheir apparentson25 February 1244bornJanuary 1260diedRobert I of Artois
uncle (1244-1245)
Philip
brother (1245-1260)
Philipheir apparentsonJanuary 1260brother died25 August 1270became kingJean Tristan
brother (1260-1264)
Louis
son (1264-1270)
Louisheir apparentson25 August 1270father became kingMay 1276diedPhilip
brother (1270-1276)
Philip III of France
Philipheir apparentsonMay 1276brother died5 October 1285became kingCharles, Count of Valois
brother (1276-1285)
Charles, Count of Valoisheir presumptivebrother5 October 1285brother became king4 October 1289son born to kingLouis, Count of Évreux
uncle (1285-1289)
Philip IV of France
Louisheir apparentson4 October 1289born29 November 1314became kingCharles, Count of Valois
uncle (1289-1293)
Philip, Count of Poitou
brother (1293-1314)
Philip of Poitouheir presumptivebrother/
uncle
29 November 1314brother became king20 November 1316became kingPhilip
son (1314-1316)
Louis X of France
John I of France[2]
Philipheir apparentson20 November 1316father became king24 March 1321diedLouis
brother (1316-1317)
Philip V of France
Charles, Count of La Marche
uncle (1317-1321)
Charles of La Marcheheir presumptivebrother24 March 1321king's son died3 January 1322became kingPhilip
son (1321-1322)
Philipheir apparentson3 January 1322father became king24 March 1322diedCharles, Count of Valois
great-uncle (1322)
Charles IV of France
Charles of Valoisheir presumptiveuncle24 March 1322king's son diedMarch 1324son born to kingPhilip
son (1322-1324)
Louisheir apparentsonMarch 1324bornMarch 1324diedCharles, Count of Valois
great-uncle (1324)
Charles of Valoisheir presumptiveuncleMarch 1324king's son died16 December 1325diedPhilip
son (1324-1325)
Philip of Valoisheir presumptive1st cousin16 December 1325father died29 May 1328became kingJohn
son (1325-1328)
Johnheir apparentson29 May 1328father became king22 August 1350became kingCharles II, Count of Alençon
uncle (1328-1330)
Philip VI of France
Louis
brother (1330)
Charles II of Alençon
uncle (1330-1333)
John
brother (1333)
Charles II of Alençon
uncle (1333-1336)
Philip, Duke of Orléans
brother (1336-1338)
Charles
son (1338-1350)
Charlesheir apparentson22 August 1350father became king8 April 1364became kingLouis, Count of Anjou
brother (1350-1359)
John II of France
John
son (1359-? bef. 1364)
Louis, Duke of Anjou
brother (?-1364)
Louis, Duke of Anjouheir presumptivebrother8 April 1364brother became king7 June 1366son born to kingJohn, Duke of Berry
brother (1364-1366)
Charles V of France
Johnheir apparentson7 June 1366born21 December 1366diedLouis, Duke of Anjou
uncle (1366)
Louis, Duke of Anjouheir presumptivebrother21 December 1366king's son died3 December 1368son born to kingJohn, Duke of Berry
brother (1366-1368)
Charlesheir apparentson3 December 1368born16 September 1380became kingLouis, Duke of Anjou
uncle (1368-1372)
Louis
brother (1372-1380)
Louis I, Duke of Orléansheir presumptivebrother16 September 1380brother became king25 September 1386son born to kingLouis, Duke of Anjou
uncle (1380-1384)
Charles VI of France
Louis II of Naples
1st cousin (1384-1386)
Charlesheir apparentson25 September 1386born28 December 1386diedLouis I, Duke of Orléans
uncle
Louis I, Duke of Orléansheir presumptivebrother28 December 1386king's son died6 February 1392son born to kingLouis II of Naples
1st cousin (1386-1392)
Charlesheir apparentson6 February 1392born13 January 1401diedLouis I, Duke of Orléans
uncle (1392-1397)
Louis
brother (1397-1401)
Louisheir apparentson13 January 1401brother died18 December 1415diedJohn
brother (1401-1415)
Johnheir apparentson18 December 1415brother died5 April 1417diedCharles
brother (1415-1417)
Charlesheir apparentson5 April 1417brother died21 October 1422became king[3]Charles, Duke of Orléans
1st cousin (1417-1422)

Lancastrian succession

On March 21, 1420, the government of Charles VI was obliged to sign the Treaty of Troyes, which provided a legal framework for the transfer of power to Henry V, King of England, who had invaded and occupied northern France, including Paris. Under the treaty, Henry, who was to marry Charles' daughter Catherine, was named as "Heir of France" and the Dauphin Charles was disinherited. The treaty was not recognized by those factions which were still at war with England, and only had legal force in English-occupied territory and, more briefly, in the Burgundian lands (1420-1435) and in Brittany.

HeirStatusRelationship to MonarchBecame heirCeased to be heirNext in succession
relation to heir, dates
Monarch
DateReasonDateReason
Henry V, King of Englandheir apparentson-in-law21 May 1420treaty31 August 1422diedThomas, Duke of Clarence
brother, 1420-1421
Charles VI
John, Duke of Bedford
brother, Mar.-Dec. 1421
Henry, Duke of Cornwall
son, 1421-1422
Henry VI, King of Englandheir apparentgrandson31 August 1422father died21 October 1422became kingJohn, Duke of Bedford
uncle, Aug.-Oct. 1422
John, Duke of Bedford
Regent of France 1422-1435
heir presumptiveuncle21 October 1422nephew became king14 September 1435diedHumphrey, Duke of Gloucester
brother, 1422-1435
Henry (II)
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucesterheir presumptiveuncle14 September 1435brother died23 February 1447diedsuccession uncertain

Capetian heirs by Salic succession II

In southern France, the treaty of Troyes was never regarded as valid, and Charles VII was considered to have become king upon his father's death. Given his repudiation by his father, however, his status remained uncertain until his coronation at Reims on 17 July 1429. In the following two decades Charles VII regained control of most of France; the English were finally expelled from Guienne on 19 October 1453, retaining only the port of Calais.

HeirStatusRelationship to MonarchBecame heirCeased to be heirNext in succession
relation to heir, dates
Monarch
DateReasonDateReason
Charles d'Orléansheir presumptive1st cousin21 October 1422cousin became king3 July 1423son born to kingJohn, Count of Angoulême
brother (14221423)
Charles VII of France
Louisheir apparentson3 July 1423born22 July 1461became kingCharles d'Orléans
1st cousin +1 (14231426)
John
brother (1426)
Charles d'Orléans
1st cousin +1 (14261432)
Jacques
brother (14321437)
Charles d'Orléans
1st cousin +1 (14371446)
Charles, Duke of Berry
brother (14461458)
Louis
son (14581460)
Charles de Berry
brother (14601461)
Charles de Berryheir presumptivebrother22 July 1461brother became king4 December 1466son born to kingCharles d'Orléans
1st cousin +1 (14611465)
Louis XI of France
Louis, Duke of Orléans
2nd cousin (14651466)
Francisheir apparentson4 December 1466born4 December 1466diedCharles de Berry
Charles de Berryheir presumptivebrother4 December 1466king's son died30 June 1470son born to kingLouis d'Orléans
2nd cousin (14661470)
Charlesheir apparentson30 June 1470born30 August 1483became kingCharles de Berry
uncle (1470May 1472)
Louis d'Orléans
2nd cousin +1 (MaySept 1472)
Francis
brother (Sept 1472Jul 1473)
Louis d'Orléans
2nd cousin +1 (14731483)
Louis d'Orléansheir presumptive2nd cousin 1ce removed30 August 1483cousin became king11 October 1492son born to kingCharles, Count of Angoulême
1st cousin (14831492)
Charles VIII of France
CharlesOrlandheir apparentson11 October 1492born6 December 1495diedLouis d'Orléans
2nd cousin +2 (14921495)
Louis d'Orléansheir presumptive2nd cousin 1ce removed6 December 1495king's son died8 September 1496son born to kingCharles of Angoulême
1st cousin (1495Jan 1496)
Francis, Count of Angoulême
1st cousin +1 (JanSep 1496)
Charlesheir apparentson8 September 1496born2 October 1496diedLouis d'Orléans
2nd cousin +2 (SepOct 1496)
Louis d'Orléansheir presumptive2nd cousin +12 October 1496king's son diedJuly 1497son born to kingFrancis of Angoulême
1st cousin +1 (14961497)
Francisheir apparentsonJuly 1497bornearly 1498diedLouis d'Orléans
2nd cousin +2 (14971498)
Louis d'Orléansheir presumptive2nd cousin +1early 1498king's son died7 April 1498became kingFrancis of Angoulême
1st cousin +1 (1498)
Francis of Angoulêmeheir presumptive1st cousin +17 April 1498cousin became king1 January 1515became kingCharles IV, Duke of Alençon
5th cousin+1 (14981515)
Louis XII of France
Charles of Alençonheir presumptive5th cousin 11 January 1515cousin became king28 February 1518son born to kingCharles III, Duke of Bourbon
7th cousin (15151518)
Francis I of France
Francisheir apparentson28 February 1518born10 August 1536diedCharles of Alençon
5th cousin +2 (15181519)
Henry
brother (15191536)
Henryheir apparentson10 August 1536king's son died31 March 1547became kingCharles, Duke of Orléans
brother (15361544)
Francis
son (15441547)
Francisheir apparentson31 March 1547father became king10 July 1559became kingAntoine, Duke of Vendôme
8th cousin 2 (15471549)
Henry II of France
Louis, Duke of Orléans
brother (Feb 1549  Oct 1549)
Antoine of Vendôme
8th cousin 2 (15491550)
Charles
brother (15501559)
Charlesheir presumptivebrother10 July 1559brother became king5 December 1560became kingHenry
brother (15591560)
Francis II of France
Henryheir presumptivebrother5 December 1560brother became king30 May 1574became kingHercules Francis, Duke of Anjou
brother (15601574)
Charles IX of France
Francis of Anjouheir presumptivebrother30 May 1574brother became king19 June 1584diedHenry of Navarre
9th cousin 1 (15741584)
Henry III of France
Henry of Navarreheir presumptive9th cousin +119 June 1584king's brother died2 August 1589became kingCharles, Cardinal de Bourbon
uncle (15841589)
Charles, Cardinal Bourbonheir presumptiveuncle2 August 1589nephew became king9 May 1590diedHenry, prince of Condé
greatgrandnephew (15891590)
Henry IV of France
Henry de Condéheir presumptive1st cousin +29 May 1590greatgranduncle died27 September 1601son born to kingFrancis, prince of Conti
uncle (15901601)
Louisheir apparentson27 September 1601born14 May 1610became kingHenry de Condé
2nd cousin+1 (16011607)
Nicolas Henry, Duke of Orléans
brother (16071610)
Nicolas Henry, Duke of Orléansheir presumptivebrother14 May 1610brother became king17 November 1611diedGaston, Duke of Orléans
brother (16101611)
Louis XIII of France
Gaston, Duke of Orléansheir presumptivebrother17 November 1611brother died5 September 1638son born to kingHenry de Condé
2nd cousin +1 (16111638)
Louisheir apparentson5 September 1638born14 May 1643became kingGaston d'Orléans
uncle (16381640)
Philippe, Duke of Orléans
brother (16401643)
Philippe de Franceheir presumptivebrother14 May 1643brother became king1 November 1661son born to kingGaston d'Orléans
uncle (16431660)
Louis XIV of France
Louis, Prince de Condé
3rd cousin +1 (16601661)
Louis
Le Grand Dauphin
heir apparentson1 November 1661born14 April 1711diedPhilippe de France
uncle (16611668)
Philip Charles, Duke of Anjou
brother (16681671)
Philippe de France
uncle (16711672)
Louis François, Duke of Anjou
brother (JunNov 1672)
Philippe de France
uncle (16721682)
Louis, Duke of Burgundy
son (16821711)
Louis
Le Petit Dauphin
heir apparentgrandson14 April 1711father died18 February 1712diedLouis, Duke of Brittany
son
Louisheir apparentgreatgrandson18 February 1712father died8 March 1712diedLouis
brother
Louisheir apparentgreatgrandson8 March 1712brother died1 September 1715became kingPhilip V of Spain
uncle (MarchJuly 1712)[4]
Charles, Duke of Berry
uncle (July 1712May 1714)
Philippe d'Orléans
1st cousin 2 (17141715)
Philippe d'Orléans
Regent of France
17151723
heir presumptive1st cousin 21 September 1715cousin became king2 December 1723diedLouis d'Orléans
son (17151723)
Louis XV of France
Louis d'Orléansheir presumptive2nd cousin 12 December 1723father died4 September 1729son born to kingLouis Henry, Prince de Condé
5th cousin +2 (17231725)
Louis Philippe d'Orléans
son (17251729)
Louisheir apparentson4 September 1729born20 December 1765diedLouis d'Orléans
2nd cousin 2 (17291730)
Philip
brother (17301733)
Louis d'Orléans
2nd cousin 2 (17331751)
Louis
son (17511761)
LouisAuguste
son (17611765)
LouisAugusteheir apparentgrandson20 December 1765father died10 May 1774became kingLouis, Count of Provence
brother (17651774)
Louis, Count of Provenceheir presumptivebrother10 May 1774brother became king22 October 1781son born to kingCharles, Count of Artois
brother (17741781)
Louis XVI of France
Louis Josephheir apparentson22 October 1781born4 June 1789diedLouis, Count of Provence
uncle (17811785)
LouisCharles
brother (17851789)
Louis Charlesheir apparentson4 June 1789brother died21 September 1792monarchy abolishedLouis, Count of Provence
uncle (17891792)

Following the abolition of the monarchy of France by the French National Convention, Louis XVI and his family were held in confinement. Louis XVI was found guilty by the Convention of treason against the state, and was executed on 21 January 1793. The Dauphin LouisCharles was thereafter proclaimed "Louis XVII of France" by French royalists, but was kept confined and never reigned. He died of illness on 8 June 1795.

LouisStanislasXavier, Count of Provence, was subsequently proclaimed "Louis XVIII", but was in exile from France and powerless.

Bonaparte succession: First Empire

France passed through a series of republican regimes until a hereditary monarchy was restored in the person of Napoleon Bonaparte, who was proclaimed hereditary Emperor of the French on 20 May 1804. The succession law promulgated at the same time also demanded a Salic succession, in which Napoleon was to be succeeded by, first, his own legitimate offspring, then his elder brother Joseph Bonaparte and his descendants, and finally his younger brother Louis Bonaparte and his descendants.[5] (Napoleon's other brothers were omitted for various reasons.) The title of the heir apparent of the First Empire was King of Rome.

HeirStatusRelationship to MonarchBecame heirCeased to be heirNext in succession
relation to heir, dates
Monarch
DateReasonDateReason
Joseph Bonaparteheir presumptiveelder brother20 May 1804Empire proclaimed20 March 1811son born to EmperorLouis Bonaparte
brother (1804–1811)
Napoleon I
Napoleon Francis
King of Rome
heir apparentson20 March 1811born6 April 1814abdication of Napoleon I
end of the Empire
Joseph Bonaparte
uncle (1811–1814)

Napoleon I was defeated by an alliance of most of the other European powers, and abdicated unconditionally, for himself and his son, on 6 April 1814 (an abdication given legal force by a treaty with the Allies dated 11 April 1814) and went into exile.

Restored Bourbon succession I

On 6 April 1814, the Senate of the French Empire summoned Louis Stanislas Xavier, Count of Provence—already styling himself "Louis XVIII"—to become head of a restored, but constitutional, French monarchy. Louis' younger brother, Charles, Count of Artois, came to Paris on 12 April and was appointed Lieutenant-General of the realm; Louis himself returned on 3 May, and on 4 June he authorized the publication of a constitution for France (the Charter of 1814) by which he became a constitutional monarch. With the acceptance of this constitution we can say that the monarchy was resumed, although by royalist principles the Republican and Imperial governments of 1792-1814 had all been illegitimate, and the monarchy itself had never ceased.

HeirStatusRelationship to MonarchBecame heirCeased to be heirNext in succession
relation to heir, dates
Monarch
DateReasonDateReason
Charles, Count of Artoisheir presumptivebrother4 June 1814brother became king19 March 1815fall of royal governmentLouis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
son (1814-1815)
Louis XVIII of France

On 1 March 1815, however, Napoleon returned to France. With Napoleon I within miles of the capital, Louis XVIII and all his family fled Paris on 19 March, and for the next several months they remained in exile, until the victory of Waterloo allowed them to return.

Restored Bonaparte succession

On 20 March Napoleon entered Paris and once again proclaimed the Empire. Although the Imperial Constitution was amended in a more democratic direction, the hereditary office of Emperor and the succession laws remained unchanged.

HeirStatusRelationship to MonarchBecame heirCeased to be heirNext in succession
relation to heir, dates
Monarch
DateReasonDateReason
Napoleon Francis
King of Rome
heir apparentson20 March 1815Empire re-proclaimed22 June 1815nominally became EmperorJoseph Bonaparte
uncle (Mar-Jun 1815)
Napoleon I of France
Joseph Bonaparteheir presumptiveuncle22 June 1815nephew became Emperor7 July 1815end of EmpireLouis Bonaparte
brother (Jun-Jul 1815)
Napoleon II of France

This restored First Empire lasted until 22 June 1815, when Napoleon abdicated again, this time in favor of a regency on behalf of his son (who had been separated from his father in 1814 and was living in Vienna, Austria). The nominal reign of Napoleon II lasted no longer than until 7 July 1815, when an Allied army occupied Paris. Napoleon I was now exiled to the Atlantic island of St. Helena, where he died a prisoner 5 May 1821. Napoleon II continued to live under close observation in Vienna until he died of tuberculosis 22 July 1832. Neither Joseph nor Louis Bonaparte ever made any effort on behalf of the imperial claims that had descended to them.

Restored Bourbon succession II

On July 8 Louis XVIII returned to Paris. Government was resumed under the 1814 Constitution as before.

HeirStatusRelationship to MonarchBecame heirCeased to be heirNext in succession
relation to heir, dates
Monarch
DateReasonDateReason
Charles, Count of Artoisheir presumptivebrother8 July 1815resumption of royal government16 September 1824became kingLouis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
son (1815-1824)
Louis XVIII of France
Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulêmeheir apparentson16 September 1824father became king2 August 1830father abdicated/
technically became king
Henry, Duke of Bordeaux
nephew (1824-1830)
Charles X of France

Charles X's attempt in July 1830 to suspend the Charter of 1814 prompted a revolution. After several days of violence at the end of July and the beginning of August, Charles and his son fled Paris and signed an instrument of abdication. The intended beneficiary of the abdication was Charles' grandson (the Dauphin's nephew) Henry, Duke of Bordeaux, a child of 9.

Orléans succession

After several days of discussion, the French Chamber of Deputies chose to ignore the instrument and instead proclaimed Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, as King on 9 August 1830.

Under the Orléans régime, the style Dauphin was not used for the heir apparent to the French throne; he was called instead Prince Royal, in accordance with the 1791-1792 usage.

HeirStatusRelationship to MonarchBecame heirCeased to be heirNext in succession
relation to heir, dates
Monarch
DateReasonDateReason
Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléansheir apparentson9 August 1830father elected king13 July 1842diedLouis, Duke of Nemours
brother (1830-1838)
Louis-Philippe of France
Philippe, comte de Paris
son (1838-1842)
Philippe, comte de Parisheir apparentgrandson13 July 1842father died24 February 1848abdication of Louis-PhilippeRobert, Duke of Chartres
brother (1842-1848)

After a further revolutionary upheaval in 1848, Louis-Philippe abdicated on 24 February in favor of his grandson Philippe. The choice of Philippe was not accepted by the Chamber of Deputies, and instead the monarchy was abolished and a new Republic declared.

Bonaparte succession: Second Empire

The Second Republic elected as its president Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, son of Napoleon I's brother Louis Bonaparte. President Bonaparte overthrew the Republic by self coup on 2 December 1851; exactly one year later, following a plebiscite, he converted himself into an Emperor, Napoleon III—considering the brief reign of "Napoleon II" in 1815 as valid.

The succession laws were similar to those of the First Empire, except that Jérôme Bonaparte and his male-line male descendants were, by special decree, eligible for the succession, following the descendants of Napoleon III himself (Joseph Bonaparte had died leaving no male children; other than Napoleon III, no other descendants of Louis Bonaparte survived by 1852).

The heir apparent of the Emperor was titled Prince Imperial, parallel to the Orléans title of Prince Royal.

HeirStatusRelationship to MonarchBecame heirCeased to be heirNext in succession
relation to heir, dates
Monarch
DateReasonDateReason
Jérôme Bonaparteheir presumptiveuncle18 December 1852Imperial decree16 March 1856son born to EmperorNapoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte
son (1852-1856)[6]
Napoleon III
Louis Napoléon, Prince Imperialheir apparentson16 March 1856born4 September 1870Third Republic declaredJérôme Bonaparte
great-uncle (1856-1860)
Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte
1st cousin -1 (1860-1870)

With the failure of the Imperial army at the Battle of Sedan in the Franco-Prussian War, Napoleon III was captured and his government collapsed. Two days after the battle a Third Republic was declared which would last for seventy years. The Imperial family went into exile. France would never again be ruled by a hereditary monarch.

See also

Notes

  1. Philip II's closest living male relative by Salic primogeniture, other than his own descendants, was Robert II of Dreux, his 2nd cousin.
  2. John I was born five months posthumously to Louis X, and died after five days.
  3. Charles VII became king in little more than name, as in 1422 much of France was either in rebellion against his authority or under the control of an English occupation force, in the name of Henry VI of England, who had been proclaimed King of France. Over the course of his reign Charles VII reasserted control over most of France.
  4. Philip, the younger brother of Louis le petit Dauphin, had acquired the throne of Spain in the War of the Spanish Succession. In order to avoid the possibility of the union of the thrones of France and Spain, which was one of the primary concerns preventing the conclusion of a peace, Philip formally renounced the French throne for himself and his descendants on July 8, 1712, and they henceforth no longer formed part of the line of succession. This renunciation formed part of the Treaty of Utrecht.
  5. Napoleonic Succession Laws at Heraldica.
  6. Jérôme Bonaparte had an older son by a first marriage, Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte, but he was an American citizen and he and his descendants were not considered part of the line of succession.
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