Dauphin of France

Dauphin of France (/ˈdɔːfɪn/, also UK: /dɔːˈfɪn, ˈdoʊfæ̃/ US: /ˈdoʊfɪn, doʊˈfæ̃/; French: Dauphin de France [dofɛ̃ də fʁɑ̃s] (listen)), originally Dauphin of Viennois (Dauphin de Viennois), was the title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830.[1] The word dauphin is French for dolphin. At first the heirs were granted the County of Viennois (Dauphiné) to rule, but eventually only the title was granted.

Coat of arms of the Dauphin of France.

Arms of the Dauphin of France, depicting the fleur-de-lis and the dolphin.

History

Guigues IV, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and was nicknamed le Dauphin. The title of Dauphin de Viennois descended in his family until 1349, when Humbert II sold his seigneury, called the Dauphiné, to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assume the title of le Dauphin. The wife of the Dauphin was known as la Dauphine.

The first French prince called le Dauphin was Charles the Wise, later to become Charles V of France. The title was roughly equivalent to the English (thence British) Prince of Wales, the Scottish Duke of Rothesay, the Portuguese Prince of Brazil, the Brazilian Prince of Grão-Pará and the Spanish Prince of Asturias. The official style of a Dauphin of France, prior to 1461, was par la grâce de Dieu, dauphin de Viennois, comte de Valentinois et de Diois ("By the Grace of God, Dauphin of Viennois, Count of Valentinois and of Diois"). A Dauphin of France united the coat of arms of the Dauphiné, which featured dolphins, with the French fleurs-de-lis, and might, where appropriate, further unite that with other arms (e.g. Francis, son of Francis I, was ruling Duke of Brittany, so united the arms of that province with the typical arms of a Dauphin; Francis II, while Dauphin, was also King of Scots by marriage to Mary I, and added the arms of the Kingdom of Scotland to those of the Dauphin).

Originally the Dauphin was personally responsible for the rule of the Dauphiné, which was legally part of the Holy Roman Empire, and which the Emperors, in giving the rule of the province to the French heirs, had stipulated must never be united with France. Because of this, the Dauphiné suffered from anarchy in the 14th and 15th centuries, since the Dauphins were frequently minors or concerned with other matters.

During his period as Dauphin, Louis, son of Charles VII, defied his father by remaining in the province longer than the king permitted and by engaging in personal politics more beneficial to the Dauphiné than to France. For example, he married Charlotte of Savoy against his father's wishes. Savoy was a traditional ally of the Dauphiné, and Louis wished to reaffirm that alliance to stamp out rebels and robbers in the province. Louis was driven out of the Dauphiné by Charles VII's soldiers in 1456, leaving the region to fall back into disorder. After his succession as Louis XI of France in 1461, Louis united the Dauphiné with France, bringing it under royal control.

The title was automatically conferred upon the next heir apparent to the throne in the direct line upon birth, accession of the parent to the throne or death of the previous Dauphin, unlike the British title Prince of Wales, which has always been in the gift of the monarch.

The sons of the King of France held the style and rank of fils de France (son of France), while male-line grandsons were given the style and rank of petits-enfants de France (Grandson of France). The sons and grandsons of the Dauphin ranked higher than their cousins, being treated as the king's children and grandchildren respectively. The sons of the Dauphin, though grandsons of the king, were ranked as Sons of France, and the grandsons of the Dauphin ranked as Grandsons of France; other great-grandsons of the king ranked merely as princes of the blood.

The title was abolished by the Constitution of 1791, which made France a constitutional monarchy. Under the constitution the heir-apparent to the throne (Dauphin Louis-Charles at that time) was restyled Prince Royal (a Prince of the Blood retitled prince français), taking effect from the inception of the Legislative Assembly on 1 October 1791. The title was restored in potentia under the Bourbon Restoration of Louis XVIII, but there would not be another Dauphin until after his death. With the accession of his brother Charles X, Charles' son and heir Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême automatically became Dauphin.

With the removal of the Bourbons the title fell into disuse, the heirs of Louis-Philippe being titled Prince Royal. After the death of Henri, comte de Chambord, Carlos, Duke of Madrid, the heir of the legitimist claimant, Juan, Count of Montizón, made use of the title in pretense, as have the Spanish legitimist claimants since.

Gallery of Arms

Arms of the Dauphiné
Arms of Dauphin François, Duke of Brittany.
Arms of Dauphin Francis, King-consort of Scots.
Heraldic Crown of the Dauphin of France.

List of Dauphins

#	Name as Dauphin	Heir of	Birth	Became Dauphin	Ceased to be Dauphin	Death	Other titles before or while Dauphin	Name as King	Dauphine
1	Charles	John II	21 January 1338	22 August 1350	8 April 1364 Became King	16 September 1380	Duke of Normandy	Charles V	Joanna of Bourbon
2	Charles	Charles V	3 December 1368	[data unknown/missing]	16 September 1380 Became King	21 October 1422	—	Charles VI	–
3	Charles	Charles VI	26 September 1386		28 December 1386		—	–	–
4	Charles		6 February 1392		13 January 1401		Duke of Guyenne	–	–
5	Louis		22 January 1397	13 January 1401	18 December 1415		Duke of Guyenne	–	Margaret of Burgundy
6	John		31 August 1398	18 December 1415	5 April 1417		Duke of Touraine	–	Jacqueline of Hainaut
7	Charles		22 February 1403	5 April 1417	21 October 1422 Became King	22 July 1461	Count of Ponthieu	Charles VII	–
8	Louis	Charles VII	3 July 1423		22 July 1461 Became King	30 August 1483	—	Louis XI	Margaret of Scotland; Charlotte of Savoy
9	François	Louis XI	4 December 1466				—	–	–
10	Charles	Louis XI	30 June 1470		30 August 1483 Became King	7 April 1498	—	Charles VIII	–
11	Charles-Orland	Charles VIII	11 October 1492		16 December 1495		—	–	–
12	Charles		8 September 1496		2 October 1496		—	–	–
13	François		July 1497				—	–	–
14	François	Francis I	28 February 1518		10 August 1536		Duke of Brittany	–	–
15	Henry	Francis I	31 March 1519	10 August 1536	31 March 1547 Became King	10 July 1559	Duke of Orléans, Duke of Brittany	Henry II	Catherine de' Medici
16	Francis	Henry II	19 January 1544	31 March 1547	10 July 1559 Became King	5 December 1560	King-consort of Scotland	Francis II	Mary, Queen of Scots
17	Louis	Henry IV	27 September 1601		14 May 1610 Became King	14 May 1643	—	Louis XIII	–
18	Louis-Dieudonné	Louis XIII	5 September 1638		14 May 1643 Became King	1 September 1715	—	Louis XIV	–
19	Louis, le Grand Dauphin	Louis XIV	1 November 1661		14 April 1711		—	–	Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria
20	Louis, le Petit Dauphin		16 August 1682	14 April 1711	18 February 1712		Duke of Burgundy	–	Princess Maria Adelaide of Savoy
21	Louis		8 January 1707	18 February 1712	8 March 1712		Duke of Brittany	–	–
22	Louis		15 February 1710	8 March 1712	1 September 1715 Became King	10 May 1774	Duke of Anjou	Louis XV	–
23	Louis[2]	Louis XV	4 September 1729		20 December 1765		—	–	Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain; Duchess Maria Josepha of Saxony
24	Louis-Auguste	Louis XV	23 August 1754	20 December 1765	10 May 1774 Became King	21 January 1793	Duke of Berry	Louis XVI	Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria
25	Louis-Joseph	Louis XVI	22 October 1781		4 June 1789		—	–	–
26	Louis-Charles	Louis XVI	27 March 1785	4 June 1789	1 October 1791 Retitled as "Prince-royal"	8 June 1795	Duke of Normandy	Louis XVII	–
27	Louis-Antoine	Charles X	6 August 1775	16 September 1824	2 August 1830 Became King	3 June 1844	Duke of Angoulême	Louis XIX	Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France

In literature

A lineographic representation of the arms of the Dauphin. Designed by Jean de Beaugrand in 1604.

In Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck encounters two odd characters who turn out to be professional con men. One of them claims that he should be treated with deference, since he is "really" an impoverished English duke, and the other, not to be outdone, reveals that he is "really" the Dauphin ("Looey the Seventeen, son of Looey the Sixteen and Marry Antonet").

Louis, Duke of Guyenne, the Dauphin of Viennois, is a character in Shakespeare's Henry V.

In Baronness Emma Orczy's Eldorado, the Scarlet Pimpernel rescues the Dauphin from prison and helps spirit him from France.

Alphonse Daudet wrote a short story called "The Death of the Dauphin", about a young Dauphin who wants to stop Death from approaching him.

The Dauphin is also mentioned in Cormac McCarthy's Blood Meridian.

"The Dauphin" is a 1988 episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. As the titular character is female, the episode title gets the gender incorrect (the French female equivalent is "Dauphine").

References

"dauphin | French political history". Retrieved 3 September 2016.
"Louis, Dauphin of France Biography". The Biography.com website. A&E Television Networks. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2016.

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[1] "dauphin | French political history". Retrieved 3 September 2016.

[2] "Louis, Dauphin of France Biography". The Biography.com website. A&E Television Networks. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2016.