List of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic came about mostly due to the contact between Assyrian people and Arabs, Persians, Kurds and Turks in modern history, and can also be found in the other two major dialects spoken by the Assyrian people, these being Chaldean Neo-Aramaic and Turoyo.[1] Assyrian is one of the few languages where most of its foreign words come from a different language family (in this case, Indo-European).[2]
Villages where varieties of North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic are or have been spoken.
Unlike other Neo-Aramaic languages, Assyrian has an extensive number of latterly introduced Iranian loanwords.[3] Depending on the dialect, Arabic loanwords are also reasonably present.[4] Some Turkish loanwords are Turkified words that are of Arabic origin.[5] To note, some of the loanwords are revised (or "Assyrianized") and therefore would sound somewhat different to the original word.[6] Furthermore, some loanwords may also have a slightly different meaning from the original language.[7]
List
Below is a list of loanwords in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, separated into sections based on the source language.
Notes:
- The source language itself may have borrowed the word from another language. These are noted in the "notes" sections.
- Vowels are typically "long" in an open syllable and "short" in a closed syllable; exceptions are noted by macrons on long syllables and breves on short ones.
- Stress typically falls on the penultimate syllable (exceptions are noted by acute accents). Monosyllabic words are also typically stressed.
- Geminated consonants are represented by a doubled letter.
- On transliteration:
- ʾ represents a plain glottal stop: [ʔ].
- ʿ represents a pharyngealized glottal stop: [ʔˤ].
- ḥ represents a voiceless pharyngeal fricative: [ħ].
- ġ represents a voiced velar fricative: [ɣ].
- x represents a voiceless velar fricative: [x] or a voiceless uvular fricative: [χ].
- q represents a voiceless uvular stop: [q].
- ḳ represents an unaspirated voiceless velar stop: [k˭].
- ṗ represents an unaspirated voiceless bilabial stop: [p˭].
- ṣ represents a pharyngealized voiceless alveolar fricative: [sˤ].
- š represents a voiceless postalveolar fricative: [ʃ].
- ž represents a voiced postalveolar fricative: [ʒ].
- ṯ represents a voiceless dental fricative: [θ].
- ṭ represents a pharyngealized voiceless alveolar plosive: [tˤ].
- j represents a voiced postalveolar affricate: [d͡ʒ].
- č represents a plain voiceless postalveolar affricate: [t͡ʃ].
- č̣ represents an pharyngealized voiceless postalveolar affricate: [t͡ʃˤ].
Arabic
| Assyrian Word | Original Word | Part of Speech | Meaning | Notes | Classical Syriac equivalent | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transliteration | Spelling | |||||
| ʿáskari | عَسْكَرِيّ | noun | soldier | Middle Persian loanword. | pālḥā | ܦܠܚܐ |
| ʿaskariya | عَسْكَرِيَّة | noun | military | gaysā | ܓܝܣܐ | |
| ʾalasás | عَلَى الأَسَاس | adverb | as if; basically; allegedly | Some speakers. | ||
| bas | بس | conjunction; adverb | but; only | Persian loanword. Some speakers. | ʾellā | ܐܠܐ |
| buri | بُورِي | noun | water pipe | Colloquial Iraqi Arabic. | ||
| dunye, dunya | دُنْيَا | noun | world | ʿālmā | ܥܠܡܐ | |
| fundiq | فُنْدُق | noun | hotel | Ancient Greek loanword. | puttəqā | ܦܘܬܩܐ |
| ġarī́b | غريب | adjective | strange | Some speakers. | nūḵrāyā | ܢܘܟܪܝܐ |
| ġassala | غَسَّالَة | noun | washing machine | |||
| ḥukma, xukma | حُكُومَة | noun | government | məḏabbərānūṯā | ܡܕܒܪܢܘܬܐ | |
| ʾishā́l | إِسْهَال | noun | diarrhea | Some speakers. | ||
| jizdán(a) | جزدان | noun | wallet | tarmālā | ܬܪܡܠܐ | |
| majbur | مُجْبَر | adjective | forced, obliged | |||
| maymun | مَيْمُون | noun | monkey | qōp̄ā | ܩܘܦܐ | |
| mŭḥami | مُحَامِي | noun | lawyer | Some speakers. | ||
| mustašfa | مُسْتَشْفًى | noun | hospital | bêṯ kərīhē | ܒܝܬ ܟܪ̈ܝܗܐ | |
| qăṣit | قَصْد | noun | story, tale | Cf. Kurdish qesd. | tūnnāyā | ܬܘܢܝܐ |
| qiṣṣa | noun | forehead | bêṯ gəḇīnē | ܒܝܬ ܓܒܝܢ̈ܐ | ||
| ṣādra | صَدْر | noun | chest (anatomy) | ḥaḏyā | ܚܕܝܐ | |
| ṣāḥ, ṣāx | صِحَّة | noun | health | ḥūlmānā | ܚܘܠܡܢܐ | |
| ṣāḥḥi | صِحِّيّ | adjective | healthy | ḥūlmānāyā | ܚܘܠܡܢܝܐ | |
| sijin | سِجْن | noun | jail; prison | Some speakers. | bêṯ ʾăsīrē | ܒܝܬ ܐܣܝܪ̈ܐ |
| ṯallaja | ثَلَّاجَة | noun | refrigerator | Some speakers. | ||
| ṭiyara | طَيَّارَة | noun | aeroplane | |||
| ʾuti | noun | clothes iron | Turkic loanword. | |||
| yālla | ياالله | interjection | hurry up; let's go, come on | Some speakers. | ||
Persian
| Assyrian Word | Original Word | Part of Speech | Meaning | Notes | Classical Syriac equivalent | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transliteration | Spelling | |||||
| biš, buš | بیش | adverb | more | yattīr | ܝܬܝܪ | |
| čamča | چمچه | noun | spoon | |||
| čangal | چنگال | noun | fork | |||
| čanta, janta | چنته | noun | purse; backpack | kīsā | ܟܝܣܐ | |
| čarikk | چارک | noun | quarter, fourth | rūḇʿā | ܪܘܒܥܐ | |
| darde | درد | noun | sorrow, pain | kēḇā | ܟܐܒܐ | |
| darmana | درمان | noun | medicine, drug | Also borrowed into Classical Syriac. | sammā, darmānā | ܕܪܡܢܐ, ܣܡܐ |
| ʾerzan | ارزان | adjective | cheap, inexpensive | |||
| gĕran, gran, ʾagran | گران | adjective | expensive | |||
| halbatte, halbat | البته | interjection; adverb | of course; naturally | |||
| ham | هم | adverb | also | ʾāp̄ | ܐܦ | |
| hič | هیچ | determiner | no, none; nothing | lā; lā meddem | ܠܐ; ܠܐ ܡܕܡ | |
| mēs | میز | noun | table | pāṯūrā | ܦܬܘܪܐ | |
| parda | پرده | noun | curtain | |||
| penjar(a) | پنجره | noun | window | kawwəṯā | ܟܘܬܐ | |
| rang(a) | رنگ | noun | colour | ṣeḇʿā | ܨܒܥܐ | |
| razi | راضی | adjective | satisfied, content | Arabic loanword. | raʿyā | ܪܥܝܐ |
| sabab | سبب | noun; conjunction | reason; because | Arabic loanword. | ʿelləṯā | ܥܠܬܐ |
| sanā́y, ʾasanā́y, hasanā́y | آسان | adjective | easy | pəšīqā | ܦܫܝܩܐ | |
| tambal | تنبل | adjective | lazy | ḥəḇannānā | ܚܒܢܢܐ | |
| xyara | خیار | noun | cucumber | Also borrowed into Classical Syriac. | ḵəyārā | ܟܝܪܐ |
| zahmat, zamit | زحمت | noun; adjective | trouble, difficulty; troublesome, difficult | Arabic loanword. | qašyā | ܩܫܝܐ |
| zarda | زرد | noun; adjective | yellow; yellowish | Some speakers. | šāʿūṯā; šāʿūṯānāyā | ܫܥܘܬܐ; ܫܥܘܬܢܝܐ |
Kurdish
| Assyrian Word | Original Word | Part of Speech | Meaning | Notes | Classical Syriac equivalent | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transliteration | Spelling | |||||
| č̣aṗṗe, č̣aṗle | çep | noun | left | semmālā | ܣܡܠܐ | |
| čŭ | çuh | determiner | no; not | Some speakers. | lā | ܠܐ |
| č̣yama | verb | closing, shutting | səḵar | ܣܟܪ | ||
| hawar | hewar | noun | aid | ʿūḏrānā | ܥܘܕܪܢܐ | |
| hiwi | hêvî | noun | hope | saḇrā | ܣܒܪܐ | |
| jamikka | cêmik | noun | twin | Cognate with Latin geminus, French jumeau, Portuguese gêmeo. | tāmā | ܬܐܡܐ |
| ḳuṗṗala | kopal | noun | staff, cane | Cf. Persian کوپال. | šaḇṭā | ܫܒܛܐ |
| mra(z)zole | verb | lecturing, scolding | Arabic loanword. | gəʿar | ܓܥܪ | |
| qonya | noun | drain; well | bālōʿtā; bērā | ܒܠܘܥܬܐ; ܒܐܪܐ | ||
| ṣola | sol | noun | shoe | Cognate with English sole, Latin solea. | məsānā | ܡܣܐܢܐ |
| zăra | zer | noun; adjective | yellow; yellowish | Some speakers. | šāʿūṯā; šāʿūṯānāyā | ܫܥܘܬܐ; ܫܥܘܬܢܝܐ |
Turkish
| Assyrian Word | Original Word | Part of Speech | Meaning | Notes | Classical Syriac equivalent | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modern | Ottoman | Transliteration | Spelling | ||||
| belki, balkit | belki | بلکه | adverb | maybe | From Persian balke (بلکه, "but"). | kəbar | ܟܒܪ |
| čakuč | çekiç | چكیچ | noun | hammer | From Persian čakoš (چکش, "hammer"). | marzap̄tā, ʾarzap̄tā | ܡܪܙܦܬܐ, ܐܪܙܦܬܐ |
| dabanja | tabanca | طبانجه | noun | pistol, gun | |||
| dūs, dus | düz | دوز | adjective | straight, flat; correct | tərīṣā | ܬܪܝܨܐ | |
| gami | gemi | noun | boat, ship | ʾelpā, səp̄ī[n]tā | ܐܠܦܐ, ܣܦܝܢܬܐ | ||
| hazir | hazır | حاضر | adjective | ready | From Arabic ḥāḍir (حَاضِر, "present"). | ʿəṯīḏā | ܥܬܝܕܐ |
| kismet | kısmet | قسمت | noun | fate | From Arabic qisma (قِسْمَة, "division"). | ||
| pežgir | peşkir | پیشگیر | noun | towel | From Persian pišgir (پیشگیر). | ||
| rahat | rahat | راحت | adjective | comfortable | From Arabic rāḥa (رَاحَة, "relaxation"). | ||
| saʾatt | saat | ساعت | noun | hour; clock | From Arabic sāʿa (سَاعَة), itself probably borrowed from Aramaic. | šāʿṯā | ܫܥܬܐ |
| tammiz, tammis | temiz | تمیز | adjective | clean, tidy | From Arabic tamyīz (تَمْيِيز, "refinement"). | daḵyā | ܕܟܝܐ |
| tōs, taws | toz | توز | noun | dust | ʾaḇqā | ܐܒܩܐ | |
| zengin | zengin | زنگين | adjective | rich, wealthy | From Persian sangin (سنگين, "heavy"). | ʿattīrā | ܥܬܝܪܐ |
Other
These foreign words are borrowed from European languages:
| Assyrian Word | Original Word | Part of Speech | Meaning | Notes | Classical Syriac equivalent | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transliteration | Spelling | |||||
| ʾatmabel, ʾatnabel | English, French: automobile | noun | automobile, car | |||
| benzin, benzil | German: Benzin | noun | petrol/gasoline | |||
| batri | French: batterie, English: battery | noun | battery | |||
| bāy | English: bye | interjection | bye | pōš ba-šəlāmā | ܦܘܫ ܒܫܠܡܐ | |
| bira | Italian: birra, from Latin: bibere | noun | beer | pezzā | ܦܙܐ | |
| bomba | English: bomb, French: bombe | noun | bomb | From Ancient Greek bómbos (βόμβος). | ||
| glās | English: glass | noun | cup (not necessarily made of glass) | kāsā | ܟܣܐ | |
| ha(l)lo | English: hello | interjection | hello, greetings | šəlāmā | ܫܠܡܐ | |
| lori | English: lorry | noun | lorry/truck | |||
| mašina | Russian: mašína (маши́на) | noun | train; automobile | Meaning differs depending on the speaker, dialect and/or context. Ultimately from Ancient Greek mēkhanḗ (μηχανή). | ||
| mčayyoke | English: check | verb | checking, inspecting | The noun Old French eschec, from medieval Latin scaccus, via Arabic from Persian šāh (شاه, "king"). | ||
| pakit(a) | English: packet | noun | packet | |||
| stōp | English: stove | noun | stove; heater | |||
| stumka, ʾisṭumka | Ancient Greek: stómakhos (στόμαχος) | noun | stomach | Also borrowed into Classical Syriac. Cognate with English stomach. | karsā, ʾesṭōmka | ܟܪܣܐ, ܐܣܛܘܡܟܐ |
| tĭlifón | English: telephone | noun | telephone | Coined from Ancient Greek têle (τῆλε, “afar”) and phōnḗ (φωνή, “voice, sound”). | ||
| tilvizyón | English: television | noun | television | Coined from Ancient Greek têle (τῆλε, “afar”) and Latin vīsiō ("vision, seeing"). | ||
See also
- Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, a language (also considered a dialect of Assyrian) which also uses some of these loanwords.
- List of English words of Semitic origin
- List of loanwords in Classical Syriac
- Hybrid word
- Morphology
- Romanization of Syriac
References
- Yildiz, Efrem (2000), The Aramaic Language and Its Classification, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 14:1
- Odisho, Edward Y. (2002). „The role of aspiration in the translation of loanwords in Aramaic and Arabic“, W. Arnold and H. Bobzin (ed.): Sprich doch mit deinen Knechten aramäisch, wir verstehen es! 60 Beiträge zur Semitistik. Festschrift für Otto Jastrow zum 60 Geburtstag, Wiesbaden, 489-502.
- Younansardaroud, Helen, Synharmonism in the Särdä:rïd Dialect, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 12:1 (1998): 77-82.
- The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar, Geoffrey Khan, Boston, 2008
- Yamauchi, Edwin M., Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic or Syriac? A Critique of the Claims of G.M. Lamsa for the Syriac Peshitta, Bibliotheca Sacra 131 (1974): 320-331.
- Yohannan, Abraham, Some Remarks Regarding the Pronunciation of Modern Syriac, Journal of the American Oriental Society 25 (1904)
- Younansardaroud, Helen (1999). „The influence of Modern Persian on the Särdä:rïd dialect“, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, XIII:65-68.
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