Voiceless postalveolar affricate
The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃ⟩, ⟨t͜ʃ⟩ or ⟨tʃ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʧ⟩). The alternative commonly used in American tradition is ⟨č⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
| Voiceless postalveolar affricate | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| tʃ | |||
| t̠ʃ | |||
| IPA Number | 103 134 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | t͡ʃ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+0361 U+0283 | ||
| X-SAMPA | tS or t_rS | ||
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| Audio sample | |||
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source · help | |||
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Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).
Features
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | чэмы/čėmy |  [t͡ʃamə] | 'cow' | Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms. | |
| Albanian | çelur | [t͡ʃɛluɾ] | 'open' | ||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | [t͡ʃɑmʁul] | 'to wash' | |
| Amharic | አንቺ/anite | [ant͡ʃi] | 'you' | ||
| Arabic[1] | Central Palestinian | مكتبة (Normally unwritten)/maktaba | [ˈmat͡ʃt̪abe] | 'library' | Corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Iraqi | چتاب/kitaab | [t͡ʃɪˈt̪ɑːb] | 'book' | ||
| Jordanian | كتاب (Normally unwritten)/kitaab | [t͡ʃɪˈt̪aːb] | |||
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ճնճղուկč̣nč̣ġowk/chnchghowk | [t͡ʃənt͡ʃʁuk] | 'sparrow' | |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | ܟܗܡܐܗ/cmaa | [t͡ʃmaː] | 'how many?' | Used in the Urmia and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [k] in other varieties. | |
| Azerbaijani | Əkinçi | [æcint͡ʃʰi] | 'the ploughman' | ||
| Bengali | চশমা/chôshma | [t͡ʃɔʃma] | 'spectacles' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Basque | txalupa | [t͡ʃalupa] | 'boat' | ||
| Bulgarian | чучулига/chuchuliga | [t͡ʃʊt͡ʃuˈliɡɐ] | 'lark' | See Bulgarian phonology | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | nacaq | [ˈnat͡ʃaq] | 'parka hood' | ||
| Choctaw | hakchioma | [hakt͡ʃioma] | 'tobacco' | ||
| Coptic | Bohairic dialect | ϭⲟϩ/coh | [t͡ʃoh] | 'touch' | |
| Czech | morče | [ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ] | 'guinea pig' | See Czech phonology | |
| English | Received Pronunciation | church | ['t͡ʃəːt͡ʃ] | 'church' | Slightly labialized [tʃʷ]. See English phonology |
| Esperanto | ĉar | [t͡ʃar] | 'because' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Faroese | gera | [t͡ʃeːɹa] | 'to do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology | |
| French | Standard | caoutchouc | [kaut͡ʃu] | 'rubber' | Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology |
| Acadian | tiens | [t͡ʃɛ̃] | '(I/you) keep' | Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel. | |
| Galician | cheo | [ˈt͡ʃeo] | 'full' | Galician-Portuguese /t͡ʃ/ is conserved in Galician and merged with /ʃ/ in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology | |
| Georgian[3] | ჩიხი/ch'ikhi | [t͡ʃixi] | 'impasse' | ||
| German | Standard[4] | Tschinelle | [t͡ʃʷiˈnɛlə] | 'cymbal' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] See Standard German phonology |
| Greek | Cypriot | τσ̌άι/chái | [t͡ʃɑːiː] | 'tea' | |
| Hebrew | תשובה/čuva | [t͡ʃuˈva] | 'answer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | चाय/چائے/chaay | [t͡ʃɑːj] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | |
| Haitian Creole | match | [mat͡ʃ] | 'sports match' | ||
| Hungarian | gyümölcslé | [ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː] | 'juice' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[5] | ciao | [ˈt͡ʃaːo] | 'hi' | See Italian phonology | |
| K'iche' | K'iche' | [kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ] | 'K'iche'' | Contrasts with ejective form | |
| Kabardian | чэнж/čėnž | [t͡ʃanʒ] | 'shallow' | ||
| Kashubian[6] | czësto | [tʃəstɔ] | |||
| Korean | 미쳤다/michyeotda | [mit͡ʃʰjʌt̚t˭ɐ] | 'crazy' | ||
| Kurdish | hirç | [hɪɾt͡ʃ] | 'bear' | ||
| Macedonian | чека | [t͡ʃɛka] | 'wait' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Malay | cuci | [t͡ʃut͡ʃi] | 'wash' | ||
| Maltese | bliċ | [blit͡ʃ] | 'bleach' | ||
| Manx | çhiarn | [ˈtʃaːrn] | 'lord' | ||
| Marathi | चहा/cahā | [t͡ʃəhɑː] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology | |
| Mongolian | Khalkha dialect | наргиж/nargij | [ˈnargit͡ʃ] | 'laugh' | |
| Nahuatl | āyōtōchtli | [aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi] | 'armadillo' | ||
| Norwegian | Some dialects | kjøkken | [t͡ʃøkːen] | 'kitchen' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Nunggubuyu[7] | jaro | [t͡ʃaɾo] | 'needle' | ||
| Occitan | chuc | [ˈt͡ʃyk] | 'juice' | See Occitan phonology | |
| Odia | ଚକ/caka | [t͡ʃɔkɔ] | 'wheel' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Persian | چوب/čhûb | [t͡ʃʰuːb] | 'wood' | See Persian phonology | |
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | ciemny | [ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ] | 'dark' | /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ merge into [t͡ʃ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /t͡ʃ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate. |
| Lubawa dialect[8] | |||||
| Malbork dialect[8] | |||||
| Ostróda dialect[8] | |||||
| Warmia dialect[8] | |||||
| Portuguese | Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects | chamar | [t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ] | 'to call' | Archaic realization of etymological ⟨ch⟩. Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by [ʃ]. |
| Most Brazilian dialects[9] | presente | [pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi] | 'present' | Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when [i, ĩ, j] is not actually produced) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Most dialects | tchau | [ˈt͡ʃaw] | 'bye' | In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords. | |
| Punjabi | ਚੌਲ/ چول/caula | [t͡ʃɔːl] | 'rice' | ||
| Quechua | chunka | [t͡ʃʊŋka] | 'ten' | ||
| Romanian | cer | [ˈt͡ʃe̞r] | 'sky' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Rotuman[10] | joni | [ˈt͡ʃɔni] | 'to flee' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | slàinte | [ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə] | 'health' | Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | čokoláda чоколада | [t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠] | 'chocolate' | In varieties that don't distinguish /ʈ͡ʂ/ from /t͡ɕ/. |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna[11] | szpańelsko | [t̠ʃpaɲɛskɔ] | 'spanish' | These dialects merge /ʈ͡ʂ/ and /t͡ɕ/ into [t͡ʃ]. |
| Jablunkov[11] | szpańelsko | [t̠ʃpaɲɛlskɔ] | |||
| Spanish[12] | chocolate | [t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈlät̪e̞] | 'chocolate' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | jicho | [ʄit͡ʃo] | 'eye' | ||
| Swedish | Finland | tjugo | [t͡ʃʉːɡʉ] | 'twenty' | See Swedish phonology |
| Some rural Swedish dialects | kärlek | [t͡ʃæːɭeːk] | 'love' | ||
| Tlingit | jinkaat | [ˈt͡ʃiŋkʰaːtʰ] | 'ten' | ||
| Turkish | çok | [t͡ʃok] | 'very' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Tyap | cat | [t͡ʃad] | 'love' | ||
| Ubykh | Çəbƹəja/çabjaya | [t͡ʃəbʒəja] | 'pepper' | See Ubykh phonology | |
| Ukrainian[13] | чотири/chotyry | [t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ] | 'four' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Uzbek | choʻl | [t͡ʃɵl] | 'desert' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[14] | chane | [t͡ʃanɘ] | ||
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
| Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate | |
|---|---|
| t̠ɹ̠̊˔ | |
| tɹ̝̊˗ | |
| Audio sample | |
|
source · help |
Features
- Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian[15] | tree | [t̠ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯] | 'tree' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/.[15][16][17][18] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [tɹ̝̊].[16] See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
| General American[16][17] | |||||
| Received Pronunciation[16][17] | |||||
| Port Talbot[18] | [t̠ɹ̠̊˔iː] | ||||
Notes
- Watson (2002:17)
- Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- Mangold (2005:51–52)
- Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
- Ladefoged (2005:158)
- Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995:62)
- Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- Blevins (1994:492)
- Dąbrowska (2004:?)
- Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
- Merrill (2008:108)
- Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
- Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
- Wells (2008).
- Connolly (1990), p. 121.
References
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Blevins, Juliette (1994), "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics, 33 (2): 491–516, doi:10.2307/3623138, JSTOR 3623138
- Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
- Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN 83-7384-063-X
- Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN 83-2140989-X
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 9781405881180
External links
- List of languages with [t̠ʃ] on PHOIBLE
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