List of totalitarian regimes

The list distinguishes between totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, listing the former and not the latter. Totalitarianism is an extreme version of authoritarianism. Authoritarianism primarily differs from totalitarianism in that social and economic institutions exist that are not under governmental control.[1]

This is a list of totalitarian regimes.

List
Country 3 Academic Sources Start of
totalitarianism		 End of
totalitarianism		 Leader(s) Ruling Party Ideology Government Continent
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics [2] 1924[2] 1953[2][3][4][5] Joseph Stalin Communist Party of the Soviet Union Stalinism
Soviet socialist patriotism
Marxism–Leninism
Soviet communism		 Federal Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic Eurasia
Greater German Reich [2] 1933[2] 1945[2] Adolf Hitler National Socialist German Workers' Party Nazism
Pan-Germanism
Antisemitism
Scientific racism		 Unitary National Socialist one-party state[6] Europe
People's Socialist Republic of Albania [7][8][9] 1946 1990 Enver Hoxha (1946–1985)
Ramiz Alia (1985–1990)		 Party of Labour of Albania Communism
Hoxhaism
Marxism–Leninism
Anti-revisionism		 Unitary Hoxhaist one-party republic Europe
Democratic People's Republic of Korea [10][11][2] 1948 Active Kim dynasty Workers' Party of Korea Juche
Songun		 Unitary one-party republic[12] Asia
Hungarian People's Republic [13][14][15][16] 1949 1953 Mátyás Rákosi Hungarian Working People's Party Stalinism
Marxism–Leninism		 Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic Europe
People's Republic of China 1949 1976[2] Mao Zedong Chinese Communist Party Chinese communism
Marxism–Leninism
Mao Zedong Thought		 Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma [17] 1962 1988 Ne Win Burma Socialist Programme Party Burmese Way to Socialism Unitary one-party socialist republic Asia
Socialist Republic of Romania [18][19] 1971 1989 Nicolae Ceaușescu Romanian Communist Party Communism
Marxism–Leninism
National Communism		 Unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic Europe
Equatorial Guinea [20] 1968 Active Francisco Macías Nguema (1968-1979)
Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (1979-present)		 United National Workers' Party (1970-1979)
Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (1987-present)		 Socialism (before 1979) [21]

Anti-colonalism (before 1979)[22]

Anti-intellectualism (before 1979)[23] African nationalism (since 1987) Militarism (since 1987)

 Unitary socialist one-party presidential republic (until 1979)

Unitary dominant-party presidential constitutional republic (since 1979)

 Africa
Democratic Kampuchea [17][24] 1975 1979 Pol Pot Communist Party of Kampuchea Agrarianism
Communism
Khmer nationalism
Maoism		 Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic Asia
State of Eritrea [25][26] 1993 Active Isaias Afewerki People's Front for Democracy and Justice Eritrean nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Secularism		 Unitary one-party presidential republic Africa
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan [27][28] 1996 2001 Mohammed Omar[29][30] Taliban (de facto) Deobandi fundamentalism[31]
Islamism[31]
Pashtunwali[32]
Religious nationalism[32]
Salafist jihadism[29]		 Unitary Islamic theocracy[30] Asia

References
  1. Sondrol, Paul C. (2009). "Totalitarian and Authoritarian Dictators: A Comparison of Fidel Castro and Alfredo Stroessner" (PDF). Journal of Latin American Studies. 23 (3): 599–620. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00015868.
  2. "Totalitarianism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018.
  3. Rutland, Peter (1993). The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-521-39241-9. after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one.
  4. Krupnik, Igor (1995). "4. Soviet Cultural and Ethnic Policies Towards Jews: A Legacy Reassessed". In Ro'i, Yaacov (ed.). Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-714-64619-0. The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself.
  5. von Beyme, Klaus (2014). On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics. Springer. p. 65. ISBN 978-3-319-01559-0. The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.
  6. "Foundations of the Nazi State". www.ushmm.org.
  7. Mullahi, Anila; Dhimitri, Jostina (2015). "Education Issues in a Totalitarian State (Case of Albania)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 174: 4103–4107. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1161.
  8. Bedini, Belina (2014). "The Legitimation of the Albanian Totalitarian Regime". Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 5 (16): 500–5. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n16p500.
  9. "Albania's EU aspirations still hampered by totalitarian past | DW | 22.03.2012".
  10. "North Korea country profile". BBC News. 9 April 2018 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  11. "Kim Jong Un's North Korea: Life inside the totalitarian state". Washington Post.
  12. Inc, Encyclopaedia Britannica (1 March 2014). Britannica Book of the Year 2014. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. ISBN 9781625131713.
  13. Bihari, Mihály (2013). Politológia: a politika és a modern állam: pártok és ideológiák (in Hungarian). Budapest: Nemzedékek Tudása Tankönyvkiadó. pp. 367–371. ISBN 978-963-197-628-1. OCLC 1081799738. Az egypárti diktatúra első szakasza 1949 nyarától 1953 nyaráig (az első Nagy Imre-kormány kinevezéséig) tartott. Ennek az időszaknak azegypártrendszere olyan totalitárius egypártrendszer, amely összekapcsolódott Rákosi Mátyás despotikus személyi hatalmával. [The first phase of the one-party dictatorship lasted from the summer of 1949 to the summer of 1953 (until the appointment of the first Imre Nagy government). The one-party system of this period is a totalitarian one-party system connected with the despotic personal power of Mátyás Rákosi.]
  14. Mezey, Barna; Gosztonyi, Gergely, eds. (2003). "A szovjet típusú államberendezkedés Magyarországon (1949–1956)". Magyar alkotmánytörténet (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. pp. 467–468. ISBN 963-389-532-4. OCLC 1014875954. [...] a párt nemcsak megszervezni igyekezett a társadalmat, hanem megpróbálta saját képére és hasonlatosságára formálni, s ellenőrzése alá vonta a termelést és az elosztást. [...] A magyar társadalom ellenállása csupán néhány évig biztosította a valóban totalitárius berendezkedést. [[...] the party not only sought to organize society, but also to shape it in its own image and likeness, bringing production and distribution under its control. [...] The resistance of the Hungarian society ensured a truly totalitarian system for only a few years.]
  15. Körösényi, András; Tóth, Csaba; Török, Gábor (2007). "A kommunista korszak tradíciója". A magyar politikai rendszer (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 21. ISBN 978-963-389-963-2. OCLC 1088039656. A politikai hatalom totális jellegűvé vált [...] A rendszer totalitárius jellege abban ragadható meg, hogy a pártállami kontroll a politikai szférán messze túlmenően minden létszférára – a gazdaságtól a kultúrán keresztül egészen az iskolai és ifjúsági szocializációig – kiterjedt. [Political power has become total in nature [...] The totalitarian nature of the system can be grasped in the fact that party-state control extended far beyond the political sphere to all spheres of existence, from the economy through culture to school and youth socialization.]
  16. Romsics, Ignác (2010). "A rákosista diktatúra". Magyarország története a XX. században (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. pp. 337–346. ISBN 978-963-276-179-4. OCLC 1081699371. Nem kétséges, hogy az 1949-re kialakult magyar rendszer [...] kimeríti a totalitarianizmus fogalmát. [There is no doubt that the Hungarian system formed by 1949 [...] exhausts the concept of totalitarianism.]
  17. Rummel, R.J. (1994). "Democide in totalitarian states: Mortacracies and megamurderers.". In Charney, Israel W. (ed.). Widening circle of genocide. Transaction Publishers. p. 5. There is much confusion about what is meant by totalitarian in the literature, including the denial that such systems even exist. I define a totalitarian state as one with a system of government that is unlimited constitutionally or by countervailing powers in society (such as by a church, rural gentry, labor unions, or regional powers); is not held responsible to the public by periodic secret and competitive elections; and employs its unlimited power to control all aspects of society, including the family, religion, education, business, private property, and social relationships. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was thus totalitarian, as was Mao's China, Pol Pot's Cambodia, Hitler's Germany, and U Ne Win's Burma
  18. "Bulletin" (PDF). www.umk.ro. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
  19. Thompson, M. R. (1 June 2002). "Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes in Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 3 (1): 79–106. doi:10.1080/714005469.
  20. "Equatorial Guinea | EG Justice". www.egjustice.org. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  21. "Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Histórica > Búsqueda › 'Hoja Oficial del lunes : editada por la Asociación de la..." prensahistorica.mcu.es. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  22. OTABELA, Joseph-Désiré; ONOMO-ABENA, Sosthène (2009-02-16). Entre Estética Y Compromiso. la Obra de Donato Ndongo-bidyogo (in Spanish). Editorial UNED. ISBN 978-84-362-5825-7.
  23. "Equatorial Guinea | EG Justice". www.egjustice.org. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
  24. O'Kane, Rosemary H T (1993). "Cambodia in the zero years: rudimentary totalitarianism". Third World Quarterly. 14 (4): 735–748. doi:10.1080/01436599308420354. JSTOR 3992949.
  25. Taylor, Adam (12 June 2015). "The brutal dictatorship the world keeps ignoring" – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  26. "UN calls Eritrea a 'totalitarian' state ruled by fear". Daily Nation. Kenya. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  27. Whine, Michael (1 September 2001). "Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2 (2): 54–72. doi:10.1080/714005450.
  28. "David Arnett" (PDF). turkishpolicy.com. 2008. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
  29. "The Totalitarian Present - The American Interest". 1 September 2009.
  30. Gall, Carlotta (30 July 2015). "Mullah Muhammad Omar, Enigmatic Leader of Afghan Taliban, Is Dead" – via NYTimes.com.
  31. "Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?". www.digitaljournal.com. 1 April 2013.
  32. "NCTC Home". www.dni.gov.
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