List of volcanic eruptions by death toll

Volcanic eruptions can be highly explosive. Some volcanoes have undergone catastrophic eruptions, killing large numbers of humans or other life forms. This list documents volcanic eruptions by human death toll.

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Volcanic eruptions
Human death toll Volcano Location Year Source(s)
71,000 to 250,100+ (regarded as having caused the Year Without a Summer, creating famines and epidemics across the Northern Hemisphere) Mount Tambora Indonesia1815[1][2]
36,000+ Most of these deaths were not attributed to the eruption itself, but to the tsunami generated by it.KrakatoaIndonesia1883[3]
30,000Mount PeléeMartinique1902[4]
23,000Nevado del RuizColombia1985[5]
15,000 to 20,000 in London, England due to post-eruption famine Mount SamalasIndonesia 1257
15,000Mount UnzenJapan1792[6]
13,000+ (estimated)Mount VesuviusItaly79[7]
10,000+ (~ 25% of Iceland's population); particulate and sulfur emissions caused widespread deaths and famines throughout Europe and Africa; 23,000 British died from poisoning; (80% of sheep, 50% of cattle and 50% of horses died in Iceland)Laki and GrímsvötnIceland1783[8]
10,000KeludIndonesia1586
6,000Santa MariaGuatemala1902[9]
5,000KeludIndonesia1919[10]
4,011Mount GalunggungIndonesia1822[11]
3,360Mount VesuviusItaly1631
3,000 Ritter Island Papua New Guinea 1888 [12]
2,957Mount PapandayanIndonesia1772[13]
2,942Mount LamingtonPapua New Guinea1951[13]
2,806Mount AwuIndonesia1856[13]
2,000Tseax ConeCanada1700 c. 1700[14][15]
1,900El ChichónMexico1982[16]
1,680SoufrièreSt. Vincent1902
1,584Mount AgungIndonesia1963
1,532Mount AwuIndonesia1892[13]
1,500 (atmospheric particulates may have contributed to the Russian famine of 1601–03)HuaynaputinaPeru1600[17][18]
1,369Mount MerapiIndonesia1930[13]
1,335Mount MayonPhilippines1897
1,300Taal VolcanoPhilippines1911
1,151Mount AsamaJapan1783
1,000Nevado del RuizColombia1845
1,000CotopaxiEcuador1877
847Mount PinatuboPhilippines1991
600Nevado del RuizColombia1595
500Hibok-HibokPhilippines1951
477 (official confirmed)Mount BandaiJapan1888
426Anak KrakatoaIndonesia2018[19]
400+KilaueaKingdom of Hawai'i1790[20]
353Mount MerapiIndonesia2010
326MakianIndonesia1861[13]
245NyiragongoDemocratic Republic of the Congo2002
190Volcán de FuegoGuatemala2018[21]
151Mount RuapehuNew Zealand1953
150Mount TaraweraNew Zealand1886
150Tori-shimaJapan1902[22]
144 (official confirmed)Mount TokachiJapan1926[23]
106DubbiEritrea1861[13]
87Volcán ArenalCosta Rica1968
70NyiragongoDemocratic Republic of the Congo1977
63Mount OntakeJapan2014[24]
57Mount St. HelensUnited States1980
56Mount EtnaItaly1843[13]
43Mount UnzenJapan1991
39TaalPhilippines2020
31Bayonnaise RocksJapan1952[13]
31Nabro VolcanoEritrea2011[25]
27Mount VesuviusItaly1944[13]
22Whakaari/White IslandNew Zealand2019[26]
19Soufrière HillsMontserrat1997[27]
18GalunggungIndonesia1982
16SinabungIndonesia2014[28]
10Whakaari/White IslandNew Zealand1914
9GalerasColombia1993[29]
5Mount HudsonChile1971
4Jebel at TairYemen2007[30]
3PacayaGuatemala2010
3Canlaon VolcanoPhilippines1996
2 Mount Bromo Indonesia 2004
1EldfellIceland1973[31][32][33]

See also

References
  1. Oppenheimer, Clive (1 June 2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment. 28 (2): 230–259. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. S2CID 131663534.
  2. "Most Powerful Volcanic Eruption In The History Of Mankind".
  3. "Krakatoa Volcano: Facts About Deadly Eruption". Live Science.
  4. "Benchmarks: May 8, 1902: The deadly eruption of Mount Pelée | EARTH Magazine". www.earthmagazine.org.
  5. "BBC ON THIS DAY | 13 | 1985: Volcano kills thousands in Colombia". news.bbc.co.uk.
  6. "Mount Unzen eruption of 1792 | Japanese history". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  7. "Vesuvius erupts - Aug 24, 79 - HISTORY.com". history.com.
  8. "Local and Global Impacts of the 1783–84 Laki Eruption in Iceland". Wired.
  9. "What is the largest eruption ever? | Volcano World | Oregon State University". volcano.oregonstate.edu.
  10. "Indonesia's Mount Kelut Erupts : Natural Hazards". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 14 February 2014.
  11. "Galunggung | Volcano World | Oregon State University". volcano.oregonstate.edu.
  12. "NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database". www.ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  13. Simkin, T.; Siebert, L. (1994). "Fatalities and Evacuations". Volcanoes of the World (2nd ed.). Tucson, Arizona: Geoscience Press. pp. 163–176. ISBN 978-0-945005-12-4.
  14. Hickson, C.J., Spurgeon, T.C., Cocking, R.B., Russell, J.K., Woodsworth, G.J., Ulmi, M. and Rust, A.C. (2007), "Tseax Volcano: A Deadly Basaltic Eruption in North-Western British Columbia's Stikine Volcanic Belt", Geological Society of America 103rd Annual Meeting, retrieved 23 February 2019CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  15. Higgins, M.D. (2009). "The Cascadia megathrust earthquake of 1700 may have rejuvenated an isolated basalt volcano in western Canada: Age and petrographic evidence". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 179 (1–2): 149–156. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.10.016.
  16. https://www.wired.com/2012/03/looking-back-at-the-1982-eruption-of-el-chichon-in-mexico/
  17. "Firing the sky". www.thehindu.com. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  18. Zijlstra, Albert (30 June 2017). "The winter of Huaynaputina". volcanocafe.org. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  19. "Number of injured in Indonesia tsunami surges to over 14,000". The Star Online. Asean Plus. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  20. Israel, Brett. "Kilauea Volcano's Deadliest Eruption Revealed". Live Science. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  21. "Thousands evacuated as Guatemala's Fuego volcano erupts". Reuters. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  22. "INHABITANTS OF ISLAND ALL KILLED BY VOLCANO:; The 150 Japanese Residents of Torishima Dead – Eruption Still Proceeding" (PDF).
  23. ja:十勝岳#噴火史#大正噴火 Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  24. "Ontake victims mourned a month after eruption as tourism industry scrambles to recover". The Japan Times Online. 27 October 2014.
  25. "Thousands need aid after volcano eruption". IRIN. 6 July 2011.
  26. "Whakaari/White Island eruption: Death toll rises to 21". RNZ. 29 January 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  27. "The victims of Montserrat's volcano tragedy deserve an investigation". The Guardian. 25 June 2012.
  28. "Indonesian volcano Mount Sinabung eruption causes 16 deaths". The Independent. 2 February 2014.
  29. "Eruption: A Survivor's Tale | Scholastic.com". Scholastic Teachers.
  30. Siebert, L.; et al. (2010). Volcanoes of the World (3rd ed.). Smithsonian Institution and University of California Press. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-520-26877-7.
  31. "Deadly Gases". Oregon State University.
  32. "Which Way The Wind Blows – The Reykjavik Grapevine". The Reykjavik Grapevine. 26 September 2014.
  33. Williams Jr., R.S.; Moore, J.G. (1983). Man Against Volcano: The Eruption on Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland (2nd edition) (PDF). USGS. p. 11.
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