Lockwood de Forest

Lockwood de Forest (June 8, 1850 – April 3, 1932) was an American painter, interior designer and furniture designer. A key figure in the Aesthetic Movement, he introduced the East Indian craft revival to Gilded Age America.

Lockwood de Forest
Lockwood de Forest wearing a Greek costume, circa 1870
BornJune 8, 1850
New York City
DiedApril 3, 1932
Santa Barbara
NationalityAmerican
EducationHermann David Salomon Corrodi
Alma materColumbia College (1872)
Known forPainter, designer, decorator
MovementOrientalist

As a young man, de Forest first worked as a painter, taking the lessons of his Hudson River School contemporaries. In 1879, de Forest began his career in the decorative arts working at Associated Artists along with Louis Comfort Tiffany, before starting his own decorating business that he ran for thirty years. Upon his retirement, de Forest moved to Santa Barbara where he returned to his love of painting while still taking design commissions from local patrons.

Early life

Lockwood de Forest was born in New York City in 1850 to a prominent family that had made its money in South American and Caribbean shipping. He grew up in Greenwich Village and on Long Island at the family summer estate. Encouraged by his parents, Henry Grant de Forest and Julia Mary Weeks, Lockwood and his three siblings developed lifelong interests in the arts; the eldest son, Robert Weeks (1848–1931), served for seventeen years as the president of The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York; their sister, Julia Brasher (1853–1910), wrote a book on the history of art; and their youngest brother, Henry Wheeler (1855–1938), was an avid art collector and amateur landscape architect.

He was matriculated at Columbia College with the class of 1872, but did not graduate according to official records.[1]

During a visit to Rome in 1868, nineteen-year-old de Forest first began to study art seriously, taking painting lessons from the Italian landscapist Hermann David Salomon Corrodi (1844–1905). On the same trip, Lockwood met the American painter (and his maternal great-uncle by marriage) Frederic Edwin Church (1826–1900) who became his mentor. De Forest accompanied Church on sketching trips around Italy and continued this practice when they both returned to America in 1869. In 1872, de Forest took a studio at the Tenth Street Studio Building in New York. During these formative years, de Forest counted among his friends artists such as Sanford Robinson Gifford (1823–80), John Frederick Kensett (1816–72), Jervis McEntee (1828–91), and Walter Launt Palmer (1854–1932).

Over the next decade, de Forest experienced moderate success as a painter. He exhibited for the first time at the National Academy of Design in 1872 and made two more painting trips abroad, in 1875–76 and 1877–78, traveling to the major continental capitals but also the Middle East and North Africa. De Forest's works from the 1870s are generally modest-sized canvases depicting low-key views in an evocative painterly style.

Career
Armchair Designer: Lockwood de Forest, Manufacturer: Ahmedabad Wood Carving Company, Teak, produced in Ahmedabad, India ca. 1895, Brooklyn Museum

In his mid-twenties, de Forest became interested in decoration and architecture after browsing Church’s extensive library at his Persian-style home, Olana, in New York. De Forest’s first major interior design project was to remodel his parent's New York townhouse in 1876.

In 1879, de Forest became a partner of the design firm Associated Artists, with Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848–1933), Samuel Colman (1832–1920), and Candace Wheeler (1827–1923) where he directed the production of architectural woodwork. Associated Artists lasted only four years, however the firm was one of the most influential decorating companies in the 19th century, and at the forefront of the American Aesthetic Movement emphasizing hand work, intricate color and texture, and tasteful but exotic design themes.

The same year he joined Associated Artists de Forest married Meta Kemble and the newlyweds visited British India on their honeymoon. During what became a two-year trip, de Forest collected furniture, jewelry and textiles as he and his wife raveled through Bombay (Mumbai), Surat, Baroda (Vadodara), Ahmadabad, Agra, Delhi, Amritsar, Lahore, and Srinagar. In Ahmadabad de Forest met Muggunbhai Hutheesing, a philanthropist with an interest in the arts, and together the two men opened the Ahmadabad Woodcarving Company. This studio became crucial to supplying Associated Artists with carved architectural elements and furniture. While in India de Forest also became good friends with John Lockwood Kipling (father of Rudyard Kipling), who shared de Forest's passion for Indian art. Together, the two men organized a display of works by the Ahmadabad Woodcarving Company at the Lahore Museum in 1881.

After Associated Artists closed in 1882, de Forest opened his own design business in New York with a lavish showroom at 9 East 17th Street. In addition to managing the design, production and import of Indian goods, de Forest continued to design his own furnishings and architectural ornaments. His work was exhibited at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London in 1886 and at the World's Columbian Exposition seven years later. De Forest’s offerings at these fairs attracted an impressive array of clients, including the industrialist Andrew Carnegie (de Forest designed Carnegie's bedroom and library in the Andrew Carnegie House, now the Cooper-Hewitt Museum), transportation magnate Charles Tyson Yerkes, Chicago businessman Potter Palmer, and author Mark Twain.

In 1887, de Forest bought 7 East 10th Street. He had the architect Van Campen Taylor design a plain, basic house that he then proceeded to decorate with intricately carved teak elements made in India. The home was featured in a New York Times article in 1895, where it was written: "The De Forest house surpasses all others in the completeness and harmony of its Oriental character… [The architectural elements and furnishings] are as wholly East Indian as though they were furnishing a Hindu instead of a New-York apartment."[2] Today, this home is the Bronfman Center for Jewish Student Life at New York University.[3]

While working in the decorating business, de Forest had continued to paint at home and he exhibited his work frequently at the Century Association and the National Academy of Design. In 1898, de Forest was made a full member of the Academy and it was around this time, with a declining market for exotic interiors, that de Forest became a prolific painter again.

Later life and death

After beginning to winter in Santa Barbara, California around 1902, de Forest built a house and moved there permanently in 1915. He was attracted to the comfortable climate and striking coastlines of the West Coast and, while he continued to design and decorate houses, landscape painting became his primary occupation. De Forest created hundreds of oil sketches of Californian sites, and also traveled around the Pacific Northwest (1903), Maine (1905 and 1908), the Grand Canyon (1906 and 1909), Mexico (1904, 1906–7 and 1911), Massachusetts (1910) and Alaska (1912). Lockwood de Forest died in Santa Barbara on April 3, 1932.

Ahmedabad Woodcarving Company
Lockwood de Forest House (now Bronfman Center for Jewish Student Life) at 7 East 10th St. New York City
Sitting Room, The Deanery, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Decorated by de Forest in 1908.

In 1879, de Forest and Tiffany established an import business called Tiffany and de Forest. In 1879, while visiting India for the first time, he collaborated with Mugganbhai Hutheesing to start the Ahmedabad Woodcarving Company, which produced elaborately carved furniture, tracery panels, jewelry, and textiles. Eventually, in 1908, he transferred his contract with the Ahmedabad Woodcarving Company to Tiffany.[4]

Surviving examples of the carved teakwood furniture from the Ahmedabad Woodcarving Company include:

Lockwood de Forest imported a part (gudha-mandapa) of a 1596 Jain temple at Patan, Gujarat and donated it to the Metropolitan Museum of Art[8] in 1916.

It is likely that the St. Louis Jain temple, which once stood in the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition and is now preserved at the Jain Center of Southern California, was designed and created by the Ahmadabad Woodcarving Company.

Collections

References

Notes

  1. Catalogue of Matriculants who Have Not Graduated, 1758-1897. New York City: Columbia University. 1897. p. 26.
  2. "Unique in Decoration; Hindu Wood Carvings Used in Interior Housefurnishings; An Artist’s East Indian Home A Very Beautiful Example of the Art of the Orient," New York Times, November 24, 1895, Wednesday, p. 28.
  3. White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; and Leadon, Fran. AIA Guide to New York City (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 146.
  4. Candace Wheeler: The Art and Enterprise of American Design 1875–1900 By Amelia Peck, Carol Iris, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001
  5. DESIGN NOTEBOOK; An Eastern Fantasia, Asleep for a Century By MITCHELL OWENS Published: August 24, 2000, New York Times.
  6. Bauer, Carolyn, 2012, "A Treasure in Teakwood," Lawrence Today summer 2012, pp. 5-6
  7. Frederic Church's Olana on the Hudson: Art, Landscape, Architecture. Hudson, NY: The Olana Partnership/Rizzoli International Publications. 2018. p. 167. ISBN 9780847863112.
  8. Architectural Ensemble from a Jain Meeting Hall http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/60006308

Further reading

  • Goldyne, Joseph. Lockwood de Forest: Plein-air Oil Sketches. New York, NY: Richard York Gallery, 2001.
  • Mayer, Roberta A. Lockwood de Forest: Furnishing the Gilded Age with a Passion for India. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2008.
  • De Forest's Palm Springs. Santa Barbara, CA: Sullivan Goss, an American Gallery, 2010. OCLC 812346284
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