Loranthaceae

Loranthaceae, commonly known as the showy mistletoes, is a family of flowering plants.[2][3] It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemiparasites. The three terrestrial species are Nuytsia floribunda (the Western Australian Christmas tree), Atkinsonia ligustrina (from the Blue Mountains of Australia), and Gaiadendron punctatum (from Central/South America.) Loranthaceae are primarily xylem parasites, but their haustoria may sometimes tap the phloem,[4] while Tristerix aphyllus is almost holoparasitic.[5] For a more complete description of the Australian Loranthaceae, see Flora of Australia online.,[2] for the Malesian Loranthaceae see Flora of Malesia.

Loranthaceae
Ligaria cuneifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Santalales
Family: Loranthaceae
Juss.[1]
Genera

See text

Distribution of the Loranthaceae.
Psittacanthus flowering atop a tree

Originally, Loranthaceae contained all mistletoe species, but the mistletoes of Europe and North America (Viscum, Arceuthobium, and Phoradendron) belong to the family Santalaceae. The APG II system 2003 assigns the family to the order Santalales in the clade core eudicots.

Phylogeny

Molecular phylogenetics suggests the following relationships of tribes, subtribes and genera:[6][7][8][9] Nuytsia is sister to the rest the Loranthaceae,[10] with many characters, including its pollen, its fruit (dry and three winged), and the number of its cotyledons, differing substantially from all other Loranthaceae genera.[5] The root parasitic habit is thought to be the basal condition of the family.,[5] with the stem/branch parasitic habit evolving ca. 28-40 million years ago.[5][11] However, Grimsson et al. (2017)[12] estimate this as occurring somewhat earlier (ca. 40-52 million years ago).

Remaining Santalales

Loranthaceae
Nuytsieae

Nuytsia

Gaiadendreae

Atkinsonia

Gaiadendron

Elytrantheae

Alepis

Amylotheca

Cyne

Decaisnina

Elytranthe

Lampas

Lepeostegeres

Lepidaria

Loxanthera

Lysiana

Macrosolen

Peraxilla

Trilepidea

Thaumasianthes

Psittacantheae
Tupeinae

Tupeia

Notantherinae

Desmaria

Notanthera

Ligarinae

Ligaria

Tristerix

Psittacanthinae

Aetanthus

Cladocolea

Dendropemon

Maracanthus

Oryctanthus

Oryctina

Panamanthus

Passovia

Peristethium

Phthirusa

Psittacanthus

Struthanthus

Tripodanthus

Lorantheae
Ileostylinae

Ileostylus

Muellerina

Loranthinae

Cecarria

Loranthus

Amyeminae

Amyema

Baratranthus

Benthamina

Dactyliophora

Diplatia

Distrianthes

Helicanthes

Papuanthes

Sogerianthe

Scurrilinae

Scurrula

Taxillus

Dendrophthoinae

Dendrophthoe

Helixanthera

Tolypanthus

Trithecanthera

Emelianthinae

Emelianthe

Erianthemum

Globimetula

Moquiniella

Oliverella

Phragmanthera

Spragueanella

Tapinanthinae

Actinanthella

Agelanthus

Bakerella

Berhautia

Englerina

Oedina

Oncella

Oncocalyx

Pedistylis

Plicosepalus

Septulina

Socratina

Tapinanthus

Vanwykia

Genera

See also

References

  1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
  2. Barlow, B.A. "Flora of Australia online: Loranthaceae". Data derived from Flora of Australia Volume 1984 Vol 22, ABRS, ©Commonwealth of AustraliaAccessed 1 April 2018
  3. Kuijt, Job; Hansen, Bertel (2015). Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Santalales, Balanophorales. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09296-6. ISBN 978-3-319-09295-9.
  4. Barlow, B.A. 1997. "Loranthaceae. Pp. 209-401 (pdf)"., in Kalkman C., et al. (eds.), Flora malesiana. Ser. 1, vol. 13. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.
  5. Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]". Accessed 12 February 2018.
  6. Der, J.P., Nickrent, D.L. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of Santalaceae (Santalales). Systematic Botany 33: 107-116."(pdf)". doi:10.1600/036364408783887438
  7. Vidal-Russell, R., Nickrent, D.L. 2008. Evolutionary relationships in the showy mistletoe family (Loranthaceae). American Journal of Botany 95: 1015-1029."(pdf)" (PDF).doi:10.3732/ajb.0800085
  8. Malecot, V, Nickrent, D.L. 2008. Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships of Olacaceae and Related Santalales. Systematic Botany 33, 97-106."(pdf)" (PDF).doi:10.1600/036364408783887384
  9. Amico, G.C., Vidal-Russell, R., Garcia, M.A., Nickrent, D.L. 2012. "Evolutionary History of the South American Mistletoe Tripodanthus (Loranthaceae) Using Nuclear and Plastid Markers". January 2012.. Systematic Botany 37: 218-225
  10. Vidal-Russell, R., & Nickrent, D.L. 2005. "A molecular phylogeny of the mistletoe family Loranthaceae." Pp. 131-132, in Botany 2005. Learning from Plants.
  11. Vidal-Russell, R., & Nickrent, D.L. 2008. The first mistletoes: Origin of aerial parasitism in Santalales. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 523-537."(pdf)" (PDF).doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.016
  12. Grímsson, F., Kapli, P., Hofmann, C.-C., Zetter, R., & Grimm, G.W. 2017. Eocene Loranthaceae pollen pushes back divergence ages for major splits in the family.// PeerJ 5:e3373. doi:10.7717/peerj.3373
  13. Macrosolen at The Plant List
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