Loranthaceae

Loranthaceae, commonly known as the showy mistletoes, is a family of flowering plants.[2][3] It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemiparasites. The three terrestrial species are Nuytsia floribunda (the Western Australian Christmas tree), Atkinsonia ligustrina (from the Blue Mountains of Australia), and Gaiadendron punctatum (from Central/South America.) Loranthaceae are primarily xylem parasites, but their haustoria may sometimes tap the phloem,[4] while Tristerix aphyllus is almost holoparasitic.[5] For a more complete description of the Australian Loranthaceae, see Flora of Australia online.,[2] for the Malesian Loranthaceae see Flora of Malesia.

Loranthaceae
Ligaria cuneifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Santalales
Family: Loranthaceae
Juss.[1]
Genera

See text

Distribution of the Loranthaceae.
Psittacanthus flowering atop a tree

Originally, Loranthaceae contained all mistletoe species, but the mistletoes of Europe and North America (Viscum, Arceuthobium, and Phoradendron) belong to the family Santalaceae. The APG II system 2003 assigns the family to the order Santalales in the clade core eudicots.

Phylogeny

Molecular phylogenetics suggests the following relationships of tribes, subtribes and genera:[6][7][8][9] Nuytsia is sister to the rest the Loranthaceae,[10] with many characters, including its pollen, its fruit (dry and three winged), and the number of its cotyledons, differing substantially from all other Loranthaceae genera.[5] The root parasitic habit is thought to be the basal condition of the family.,[5] with the stem/branch parasitic habit evolving ca. 28-40 million years ago.[5][11] However, Grimsson et al. (2017)[12] estimate this as occurring somewhat earlier (ca. 40-52 million years ago).

 
 

Remaining Santalales

 
Loranthaceae
 
Nuytsieae
 

Nuytsia

 
 
Gaiadendreae
 

Atkinsonia

 
 

Gaiadendron

 
 
Elytrantheae
 

Alepis

 
 

Amylotheca

 
 

Cyne

 
 

Decaisnina

 
 

Elytranthe

 
 

Lampas

 
 

Lepeostegeres

 
 

Lepidaria

 
 

Loxanthera

 
 

Lysiana

 
 

Macrosolen

 
 

Peraxilla

 
 

Trilepidea

 
 

Thaumasianthes

 
 
Psittacantheae
Tupeinae
 

Tupeia

 
 
Notantherinae
 

Desmaria

 
 

Notanthera

 
 
Ligarinae
 

Ligaria

 
 

Tristerix

 
 
Psittacanthinae
 

Aetanthus

 
 

Cladocolea

 
 

Dendropemon

 
 

Maracanthus

 
 

Oryctanthus

 
 

Oryctina

 
 

Panamanthus

 
 

Passovia

 
 

Peristethium

 
 

Phthirusa

 
 

Psittacanthus

 
 

Struthanthus

 
 

Tripodanthus

 
 
 
Lorantheae
 
Ileostylinae
 

Ileostylus

 
 

Muellerina

 
 
Loranthinae
 

Cecarria

 
 

Loranthus

 
 
Amyeminae
 

Amyema

 
 

Baratranthus

 
 

Benthamina

 
 

Dactyliophora

 
 

Diplatia

 
 

Distrianthes

 
 

Helicanthes

 
 

Papuanthes

 
 

Sogerianthe

 
 
Scurrilinae
 

Scurrula

 
 

Taxillus

 
 
Dendrophthoinae
 

Dendrophthoe

 
 

Helixanthera

 
 

Tolypanthus

 
 

Trithecanthera

 
 
Emelianthinae
 

Emelianthe

 
 

Erianthemum

 
 

Globimetula

 
 

Moquiniella

 
 

Oliverella

 
 

Phragmanthera

 
 

Spragueanella

 
 
Tapinanthinae
 

Actinanthella

 
 

Agelanthus

 
 

Bakerella

 
 

Berhautia

 
 

Englerina

 
 

Oedina

 
 

Oncella

 
 

Oncocalyx

 
 

Pedistylis

 
 

Plicosepalus

 
 

Septulina

 
 

Socratina

 
 

Tapinanthus

 
 

Vanwykia

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Genera

See also

References
  1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
  2. Barlow, B.A. "Flora of Australia online: Loranthaceae". Data derived from Flora of Australia Volume 1984 Vol 22, ABRS, ©Commonwealth of AustraliaAccessed 1 April 2018
  3. Kuijt, Job; Hansen, Bertel (2015). Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Santalales, Balanophorales. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09296-6. ISBN 978-3-319-09295-9.
  4. Barlow, B.A. 1997. "Loranthaceae. Pp. 209-401 (pdf)"., in Kalkman C., et al. (eds.), Flora malesiana. Ser. 1, vol. 13. Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Leiden.
  5. Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]". Accessed 12 February 2018.
  6. Der, J.P., Nickrent, D.L. 2008. A molecular phylogeny of Santalaceae (Santalales). Systematic Botany 33: 107-116."(pdf)". doi:10.1600/036364408783887438
  7. Vidal-Russell, R., Nickrent, D.L. 2008. Evolutionary relationships in the showy mistletoe family (Loranthaceae). American Journal of Botany 95: 1015-1029."(pdf)" (PDF).doi:10.3732/ajb.0800085
  8. Malecot, V, Nickrent, D.L. 2008. Molecular Phylogenetic Relationships of Olacaceae and Related Santalales. Systematic Botany 33, 97-106."(pdf)" (PDF).doi:10.1600/036364408783887384
  9. Amico, G.C., Vidal-Russell, R., Garcia, M.A., Nickrent, D.L. 2012. "Evolutionary History of the South American Mistletoe Tripodanthus (Loranthaceae) Using Nuclear and Plastid Markers". January 2012.. Systematic Botany 37: 218-225
  10. Vidal-Russell, R., & Nickrent, D.L. 2005. "A molecular phylogeny of the mistletoe family Loranthaceae." Pp. 131-132, in Botany 2005. Learning from Plants.
  11. Vidal-Russell, R., & Nickrent, D.L. 2008. The first mistletoes: Origin of aerial parasitism in Santalales. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 47: 523-537."(pdf)" (PDF).doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.016
  12. Grímsson, F., Kapli, P., Hofmann, C.-C., Zetter, R., & Grimm, G.W. 2017. Eocene Loranthaceae pollen pushes back divergence ages for major splits in the family.// PeerJ 5:e3373. doi:10.7717/peerj.3373
  13. Macrosolen at The Plant List
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