Mòjiāng virus

Mòjiāng virus (MojV), officially Mojiang henipavirus, is a virus in the family Paramyxoviridae. Based on phylogenetics, Mòjiāng virus is placed in the genus Henipavirus or described as a henipa-like virus.[1] Antibodies raised against Mòjiāng virus glycoproteins are serologically distinct from other henipaviruses (among which higher cross-reactivity is observed).[2][3]

Mòjiāng virus
Structure of MojV-G glycoprotein
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Paramyxoviridae
Genus: Henipavirus
Species:
Mojiang henipavirus
Synonyms
  • Mòjiāng Paramyxovirus
  • Mòjiāng Henipa-like virus

Discovery

In spring of 2012, three miners working in an abandoned copper mine in Mojiang Hani Autonomous County developed fatal pneumonia. MojV positive samples were isolated from the site six months later. An etiological connection between MojV and human disease has not been established.[4]

Mammal species present in the cave including Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rattus flavipectus, and Crocidura dracula were tested for infectious virus and viral RNA. There were 38 sequence reads obtained closely related to members of the Henipavirus genus. Infectious virus could only be recovered from 4 samples of R. flavipectus and were cultured in Vero E6, BHK-21, and HEp-2 cells. While no person-to-person transmission was documented, the full range of mammalian hosts susceptible Mòjiāng virus is unknown.[5] While Hendra, Nipah, Cedar, Kumasi, and Madagascar henipaviruses are known to be harbored among chiropterans, primarily Pteropus spp, MojV is the only henipavirus believed to be found primarily in rodents.[1]

Virology

The cell surface receptor for Mòjiāng virus remains unknown. Unlike all other known Henipavirus members, Mòjiāng virus does not bind Ephrin B2/B3. The Mòjiāng virus attachment glycoprotein (MojV-G) lacks an Ephrin B2/B3 binding site and does not bind other common paramyxovirus receptors, including sialic acid or CD150, in cell culture. MojV-G is the most divergent gene, with less than 50% sequence to HeV-G. This makes MojV-G as divergent from HNV-G as HNV-G is as divergent from the morbillivirus attachment glycoprotein.[3]

Disease

MojV has never been isolated from human samples and it is not fully known what (or if any) agent caused the outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology.[6] Two survivors were later tested for Nipah anti-N IgG and also rtPCR against the Nipah L gene, both of which were negative. However, MojV is serologically distinct from Hendra and Nipah henipaviruses, and is not known to fully cross react.[2][3][4]

References

  1. "Genus: Henipavirus - Paramyxoviridae - Mononegavirales". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  2. Li, Yaohui; Li, Ruihua; Wang, Meirong; Liu, Yujiao; Yin, Ying; Zai, Xiaodong; Song, Xiaohong; Chen, Yi; Xu, Junjie; Chen, Wei (2020). "Fc-Based Recombinant Henipavirus Vaccines Elicit Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Mice". Viruses. 12 (4): 480. doi:10.3390/v12040480. PMID 32340278.
  3. Rissanen, Ilona; Ahmed, Asim A.; Azarm, Kristopher; Beaty, Shannon; Hong, Patrick; Nambulli, Sham; Duprex, W. Paul; Lee, Benhur; Bowden, Thomas A. (2017). "Idiosyncratic Mòjiāng virus attachment glycoprotein directs a host-cell entry pathway distinct from genetically related henipaviruses". Nature Communications. 8: 16060. Bibcode:2017NatCo...816060R. doi:10.1038/ncomms16060. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5510225. PMID 28699636.
  4. Zhou, Peng; Yang, Xing-Lou; Wang, Xian-Guang; Hu, Ben; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Wei; Si, Hao-Rui; Zhu, Yan; Li, Bei; Huang, Chao-Lin; Chen, Hui-Dong (2020-11-17). "Addendum: A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature: 1–1. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2951-z. ISSN 1476-4687.
  5. Wu, Zhiqiang; Yang, Li; Yang, Fan; Ren, Xianwen; Jiang, Jinyong; Dong, Jie; Sun, Lilian; Zhu, Yafang; Zhou, Hongning; Jin, Qi (2014). "Novel Henipa-like Virus, Mojiang Paramyxovirus, in Rats, China, 2012". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 20 (6): 1064–1066. doi:10.3201/eid2006.131022. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 4036791. PMID 24865545.
  6. Qiu, Jane (June 1, 2020). "How China's 'Bat Woman' Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus". Scientific American. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
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