M-87 Orkan

Development started as a joint SFRY and Iraqi project under the name of KOL-15 with professor Obrad Vučurović as concept designer and chief engineer on project.[2] In early talks with Iraq, Yugoslavia offered two options:[3]

• Development of a MRL with 12 barrels and a 50 km range
• Development of a MRL with 4 barrels and a 120 km range

Iraq chose the first option as did Yugoslavia.

At the start of development two prototypes were built: one for Yugoslavia and one for Iraq. In accordance with requests from purchasers rockets were developed with cluster warheads.

According to the chief operating officer of the Artillery department of Military Technical Institute Belgrade Professor Obrad Vučurović,[4] Orkan was never a copy of any previous designs. The Yugoslav doctrine when developing the system was based on the premise that countries who copy designs are at least five years behind those who have the weapons developed.[3]

One battery[5] of M-87 Orkans consist of:

• four 8×8 launchers
• four 8×8 resupply vehicles (each with 24 rockets)
• one 8×8 command post vehicle
• two 4×4 topographic survey light vehicles
• two 4×4 observation post light vehicles
• one 4×4 meteorological survey vehicle

The FAP 2832 vehicle with its base platform is fitted with a central tyre pressure regulation system which is operated by the driver from within the cab, and to provide a more stable firing platform four stabilisers are lowered to the ground by remote control one at either side to the rear of the second roadwheel and two at the very rear. When travelling, the launcher is traversed to the front and the whole launcher is covered by a tarpaulin cover with integral bows.

Orkan II in Partner 2011 military fair

There were a few modifications of Orkan M-87:

• The first modification was made by Army of Republic of Srpska with two barrels placed on Luna R-65 launcher (ZIL-135).
• FR Yugoslavia modified Krupp M-418/37 and placed two Orkan barrels on it.
• Serbia developed the M-96 Orkan II modification. The simplest solution was to integrate four 262mm launch tubes on a ZIL-135 launcher as it required minimum investment. The basic purpose of these modified launchers can be restored.[10] Newly developed rockets increased range of Orkan II to 65 km.[11]
• Orkan CER developed by Yugoimport SDPR based on KamAZ-6350.[8]
• Dominator M2/12 MLRS multi-caliber multiple launch rocket system developed by Yugoimport SDPR which uses 16 262mm Orkan rockets.[12]

In 1990s Turkey faced USA reluctance to share modern defense technology. In order to have domestic supply of multiple rocket launcher rockets and domestic launchers Turkey used reverse engineering and shortcuts in order to develop its own versions. In order to have a supply of 227mm rockets they reverse engineered M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System M26 rocket under project designation SAGE 227.[13] For continuing work on development of domestic MRLS Turkey obtained Orkan M-87 documentation, launcher and rockets from Bosnia and Herzegovina Novi Travnik "Bratstvo" factory in 1995. They used them for development of a domestic 260mm rockets and launcher thus shortening development for more than 5 years. First launches of new 230 and 260mm rockets respectively based on 227 M26 and 262 Orkan rockets produced in Turkey from Orkan M-87 launcher were conducted in April 1999.[14][15]

Republic of Serbian Krajina used M-87 Orkan to retaliate after Croatian forces attacked United Nations Protected Areas[16] where Serbs lived.[17][18]

• Astros II MLRS - an earlier, very similar system
• M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System
• T-122 Sakarya
• Fajr-5
• TOROS
• Falaq-2