M115 howitzer

The M115 203 mm howitzer, also known as the M115 8 inch howitzer, and originally 8 inch Howitzer M1 was a towed howitzer developed and used by the United States Army.

For other uses, see M115 (disambiguation).
M115 203 mm howitzer
A M-115 203 mm howitzer on display at Bastrop, Texas, United States.
TypeHowitzer
Place of originUnited States
Production history
Designed1939
No. built1,006 [1]
Specifications
Mass14,515 kg (31,780 lbs)
LengthTravel: 10.972 m (36 ft 0 in)
Barrel length5.1 m (16 ft 9 in)[2] L/25
WidthTravel: 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)[2]
HeightTravel: 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in)[2]
Crew14
ShellSeparate loading charge and projectile 90.7 kg (200 lb)[2]
Caliber203 mm (8 in)
BreechInterrupted screw
RecoilHydro-pneumatic
CarriageSplit trail
Elevation−2° to +65°
Traverse+60°
Rate of fire
3 rounds per 2 minutes (maximum for first 3 minutes),
1 round per 2 minutes (sustained) [3]
Muzzle velocity587 m/s (1,926 ft/s)
Effective firing range16,800 m (18,373 yds)

History

Until 1962 it was designated the 8 inch Howitzer M1. The original design started in 1919 but lapsed until resurrected in 1927 as a partner-piece for a new 155 mm gun. It was standardized as 8 inch Howitzer M1 in 1940. The M115/M1 was towed by the M35 Prime Mover gun tractor or a Mack 7⅓ ton 6×6 truck. The M115 was towed with 21 men per gun, and was shipped over to Germany Oct 1961 in response to the Berlin Crisis.

Like the British BL 8 inch Howitzer of the First World War (and most other large artillery), the M115 uses a Welin screw for its breech. The carriage was the same as used for the US 155 mm gun and was also adopted by the British for their 7.2 inch howitzer. It consists of equilibrator assemblies, elevating and traversing mechanisms, two single-wheel, single-axle heavy limber, and a two-axle bogie with eight tires and two trails. Four spades, carried on the trails, are used to emplace the weapon. The British 8 inch howitzer was produced in England and under license in the US, for the American Expeditionary Forces in Europe during World War I, as the 8-inch Howitzer MK. VI.[4] It was in service with the US Army till replaced by the M115. There are no reports of the MK. VI or another marks being used during World War II.

The first photos of the M115 type 8 inch cannon on its redesign carriage appeared in 1931 but development was slowed by the Great Depression.[5]

The M115 saw U.S. service in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. In the late 1950s, it was adopted in small numbers by several NATO armies, to fire the W33 (M422/M422A1 shell) and later the W79 nuclear artillery shell, under the NATO nuclear sharing concept, a role which ended when the smallest types of tactical nuclear weapons were removed from service and eliminated. It was also adopted as a field weapon by a number of nations in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia and saw service in the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis and the Croatian War of Independence.

Operators

Self-propelling mounts
8 inch HMC M43 in Korea.
  • The howitzer was mounted on a modified M4 medium tank chassis, in mount M17. The resulting vehicle was initially designated 8 inch Howitzer Motor Carriage T89 and eventually standardized as the 8 inch Howitzer Motor Carriage M43. A total of 48 units were built.[15]
  • 8 inch Howitzer Motor Carriage T80 – based on T23 Medium Tank chassis, never advanced past proposal stage.[16]
  • 8 inch Howitzer Motor Carriage T84 – based on T26 Medium Tank chassis, a single pilot was built in 1945.[17]
  • The howitzer was mounted on a purpose-built tracked chassis to become the 8 inch Self-Propelled Howitzer M110. Notably accuracy and rate of fire suffered from having to depress the cannon tube to loading elevation for each round in order to use the track-mounted auto loader.

Ammunition

The howitzer fired separate loading, bagged charge ammunition, with seven different propelling charges, from 1 (the smallest) to 7 (the largest).

Projectiles[18][19]
Type Model Weight Filler Muzzle velocity Range
HE HE M106 Shell (charge M2) 90.7 kg (200 lb) 594 m/s (1,950 ft/s) 16,926 m (11 mi)
HE HE Mk 1A1 Shell (charge M1) 90.7 kg (200 lb) 408 m/s (1,340 ft/s) 10,214 m (6.3 mi)
Dummy Dummy Mk 1 Projectile — — —
Nuclear M442 (W33) nuclear shell — — 18,000 m (11 mi)


Propelling charges[20]
Model Weight, complete Components
M1 ("green bag") 6.3 kg (13 lb 14 oz) Five incremental charges (for charges 1 to 5)
M2 ("white bag") 13.56 kg (29 lb 14 oz) Base charge and two incremental charges (for charges 5 to 7)
M4 (dummy) 13.04 kg (28 lb 12 oz) Base charge and two incremental charges


Concrete penetration[21]
Ammunition / Distance 2,743 mm (9 ft) 4,572 mm (20 ft) 9,144 mm (30 ft) 13,716 mm (50 ft)
HE M106 Shell (meet angle 0°) 1,432 mm (4 ft 8 in) 1,219 mm (4 ft) 975 mm (3 ft 2 in) 945 mm (3 ft 1 in)

See also

Notes
  1. Official Munitions Production of the United States, by Months, July 1, 1940 - August 31, 1945 (War Production Board and Civilian Production Administration, 1 May 1947) p. 137
  2. Foss, Christopher (1977). Jane's pocket book of towed artillery. New York: Collier. p. 141. ISBN 0020806000. OCLC 911907988.
  3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUs6q1VjauE
  4. US Army manual TM 9-2005, December 1942 Archived 2010-07-14 at the Wayback Machine Page 79
  5. "First Mile A Minute Army", October 1931, Popular Science photo bottom of page 53
  6. Wiener, Friedrich (1987). The armies of the NATO nations: Organization, concept of war, weapons and equipment. Truppendienst Handbooks Volume 3. Vienna: Herold Publishers. pp. 499–500.
  7. Xavier Palson, La guerre de demain : Est/Ouest, Les forces en présence, Taillandier, april 1984, 258 p. ISBN 2235016006, p. 116.
  8. The Military Balance 2016, p. 328.
  9. The Military Balance 2016, p. 336.
  10. The Military Balance 2016, p. 267.
  11. The Military Balance 2016, p. 280.
  12. The Military Balance 2016, p. 351.
  13. The Military Balance 2016, p. 291.
  14. The Military Balance 2016, p. 148.
  15. Hunnicutt - Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank, pp. 353–355, 571.
  16. Hunnicutt - Pershing, A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series, p. 158.
  17. Hunnicutt - Pershing, A History of the Medium Tank T20 Series, p. 159.
  18. Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, pp. 203–205.
  19. "W33". Global Security. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  20. Technical Manual TM 9-1901, Artillery Ammunition, p 301, 311.
  21. Hunnicutt - Sherman: A History of the American Medium Tank, p 571.

References
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