Magazine Fort

In the 1530s, during the Dissolution of the Monasteries, lands within what is now the Phoenix Park were confiscated from the Knights Hospitaller. These lands were later leased to Sir Edward Fisher. By 1611, Fisher had built a house known as "Phoenix Lodge" on St Thomas' Hill.[7][8] By the mid-17th century, Fisher's house and lands were returned to the state, and the house used as the seat of the Lord Deputy of Ireland.[9]

Although Thomas Burgh (1670–1730) had engineered a larger earthwork star fort quite close by in 1710,[10] by the 1730s, the then Lord Lieutenant, Lionel Sackville (1688–1765) directed that a new gunpowder store be built at St Thomas' Hill on the site of the house.[11] Phoenix Lodge was therefore demolished in 1734, and construction on the magazine fort commenced in 1735 to designs by engineer John Corneille.[12] At the time the city was relatively poor, prompting the satirist Jonathan Swift to publish a verse on the seeming futility of the fortification:

Now's here's a proof of Irish sense/Here Irish wit is seen / When nothing's left that's worth defence/We build a Magazine

— Jonathan Swift, c.1737 (attrib)[13][14]

Extract from 1757 map, showing Burgh's earthwork fort (demolished 1837) and Corneille's powder magazine

Unlike de Burgh's nearby star fort, which was primarily earthwork and demolished in the 1830s,[10] Corneille's bastion fort was built of brick and limestone.[15]

The main body of the fort is approximately 2 acres in area and is surrounded by a dry moat.[15] Each corner is defended by a demi-bastion (with embrasures), and the walls are approximately 1.5 metres (5 ft) thick. The large barrel-vaulted brick magazine chambers themselves are approximately 270 square metres (2,900 sq ft) in size and located to the north-west of the main enclosure. These were serviced by overhead cranes and gantries – for moving powder kegs.[15] A later triangular barracks and accommodation block was added on the south-side in 1801, to designs by Francis Johnston.[16] Other sheds and outbuildings were added in the 20th century.[15]

1793 plan of the fort referencing "a Howitzer" defending the gate

A 1793 survey indicates that a large artillery piece was used to defend the main gateway.[15] By the 1890s, there were ten 12-pounder guns mounted at the fort.[17] In the early 20th century, the corner demi-bastions were converted to include concrete pillbox machine-gun posts.[17][18]

In use by British and Irish forces for 250 years, the fort was subject to two notable raids in the 20th century. The first occurred on 24 April 1916, during the Easter Rising, when predominantly young members of Fianna Éireann raided the fort for arms, and set explosives to blow it up, however, "after setting fires to blow up the magazine’s ordinance; but the fuses burned out before reaching the ammunition and little damage was caused."[19][20]

Some of the first shots of the Easter Rising were believed to have been fired during this raid, when an unarmed member of the garrison household and an armed sentry were shot. The latter was seriously injured but apparently survived; the former died nine hours later. These marked the first shootings of the Easter Rising.[21]

The second raid occurred on 23 December 1939 when, during the so-called "Christmas Raid", members of the Irish Republican Army raided the magazine for weapons and more than one million rounds of ammunition.[19] Most of the stolen equipment was recovered over the following weeks.[19]