Martha Mitchell

Martha Elizabeth Beall Jennings Mitchell was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas on September 2, 1918.[1] She grew up the only child of cotton broker George V. Beall and drama teacher Arie Beall (née Ferguson).[1][2] Living in a rural area, Mitchell's friends lived far away, and she recalled in a Saturday Evening Post interview that she mostly grew up playing with the children of her "mammy," or African-American domestic worker, who lived with the family on the farm.[2] As a little girl, she liked to sing, particularly as a member of her church choir. Her mother hoped she would become an opera singer.[2] As a child, she studied singing around the country and, at Northwestern, she studied piano.

For the first six years of her education, she attended a private school, switching to a public one during the Great Depression.[1] She graduated from Pine Bluff High School in 1937.[3] Under her high school yearbook picture was the quote, "Love its gentle warble, I love its gentle flow, I love to wind my tongue up, And I love to let it go."[4] Her biographer noted that she was dyslexic, and struggled to read aloud.[5] She attended Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri, with hopes of studying premed; she had wanted to be a pediatrician when she grew up, but blamed her Southern accent for difficulty with learning Greek and Latin.[2] Instead, she became a Red Cross Nurse's Aide in one of the organization's very first chapters, and claimed that, at one time, she had given more hours to the service than anyone else in the country.[2] She eventually transferred to the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville and finally the University of Miami,[1] At college, she joined Chi Omega and was president of Sigma Iota Chi.[2] She was fascinated by the arts, and had dreams of becoming an actress, but her family would not allow it.[2] She ultimately received a BA in history. After graduation, she worked for about a year as a seventh-grade teacher in Mobile, Alabama, before leaving the profession,[1] saying she "despised" it.[4] She returned to Pine Bluff in 1945 and, after World War II, she began work as a secretary at the Pine Bluff Arsenal.[1] She was soon transferred (along with her boss, Brigadier General Augustin Mitchell Prentiss) to Washington, D.C..[3]

In Washington, she met Clyde Jennings, Jr., a US Army officer from Lynchburg, Virginia.[3] They married on October 5, 1946 in Pine Bluff and moved to Rye, New York.[3] Soon after they wed, he was honorably discharged,[3] and he took up work as a traveling handbag salesman.[1] By Jennings, she had a son, Clyde Jay Jennings, on November 2, 1947. Jennings, however, spent a lot of time away from home, and (according to Mitchell)[1] it led to the couple's separation on May 18, 1956 and eventual divorce on August 1, 1957.

She once said as soon as she met John N. Mitchell, she was "impressed with his suaveness and intellect,"[4] and the couple married on December 30, 1957, settling in Rye, New York.[4] John worked as a lawyer in Manhattan, earning US$250,000 a year,[4] and the couple purchased a home on the grounds of the Apawamis Club.[1] On January 10, 1961, the couple had a daughter, Martha Elizabeth, whom they nicknamed Marty.[3] They enrolled their daughter in Stone Ridge Country Day School in Bethesda, Maryland, despite not being Roman Catholics, because of Mitchell's belief that "the Roman Catholic schools are about the only ones that have discipline."[4]

John Mitchell and Richard Nixon's professional careers converged when, on New Year's Eve 1966, their law offices combined to become Nixon Mudge Rose Guthrie Alexander and Mitchell.[6] Although their status as friends is debated,[7] when Nixon was elected president in 1968, he appointed John Mitchell as his Attorney General.[8] The position necessitated that the family move to Washington DC, and their home in the "fashionable" Watergate complex, at the time, was estimated to be worth US$140,000.[4] Mitchell first came to national attention after she remarked to a television reporter that Washington DC peace demonstrations held in November 1969 reminded her husband of a Russian revolution.[1] The statement, widely viewed as indiscreet, increased her notoriety and coverage in the media.[1] She had the custom of having an evening drink, and then calling reporters with political gossip or information she had gleaned while rifling through her husband's papers or eavesdropping on his conversations.[9] During this time, Mitchell's renown as an outspoken socialite grew, and she made regular appearances on talk shows and variety shows, such as Laugh-In.[10][note 1] By the following year, in November 1970, a Gallup poll indicated that 76 percent of Americans recognized who she was, and she made the cover of Time in an issue about the most influential women of Washington.[1] Her reputation for frank and uncensored talk, generally in support of Republican issues, led to her being nicknamed "Martha the Mouth" or "The Mouth of the South".[11]

Nixon selected John to head the Committee to Re-Elect the President (commonly abbreviated to CRP, or deridingly, CREEP) for the 1972 campaign.[10] During the campaign, however, Mitchell had begun to complain to her media contacts that the campaign had engaged in "dirty tricks" to win the election.[12] A week before the 1972 burglary of the DNC headquarters in the Watergate office building, the Mitchells had traveled to Newport Beach, California to attend a series of fundraising events.[13] While there, John received a phone call about the incident and immediately held a press conference denying any CRP involvement.[13] John then returned to Washington DC, encouraging his wife to remain in California to enjoy the sunny weather.[13] Meanwhile, however, he enlisted their security guard Steve King (a former FBI agent) to prevent her from learning about the break-in or contacting reporters.[12] Despite these efforts, the following Monday, Martha acquired a copy of the Los Angeles Times.[10] Martha learned that James W. McCord Jr., the security director of the CRP and her daughter's bodyguard and driver, was among those arrested.[12] This detail conflicted with the White House's official story that the break-in was unrelated to the CRP, and raised her suspicion.[12] Martha unsuccessfully made attempts to contact her husband by phone, eventually telling one of his aides that her next call would be to the press.[10]

Mitchell was Presbyterian and, while in New York, attended Marble Collegiate Church.[22] She began to write her memoirs in 1973, but fearing it would mean she would get no money from her husband, never signed a contract.[5] In April 1974, she got a short-lived job as the guest host of the program Panorama on Washington's WTTG; it only lasted a week.[3]

In 1975, Mitchell fell sick.[10] As her health declined, she was called on by a small circle of friends that included her reporter friend, and eventual biographer, Winzola McLendon.[18] McLendon reports that Mitchell was suicidal and without any income.[18] Her lawyer, in an ongoing alimony dispute, described her as "desperately ill, without funds and without friends."[23] Even so, her son, who was working as a researcher for the Senate Subcommittee on internal security,[24] was said to have cared for her and served as her occasional spokesperson.[25] In her final days, she subsisted on donations sent by sympathetic supporters.[18] On May 31, 1976,[3] in the advanced stages of multiple myeloma, Mitchell slipped into a coma and died at Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital in New York City at age 57.[23] Her son, Jay, and her estranged husband and daughter arrived at her funeral in Pine Bluff shortly after it began.[3] The service was held at First Presbyterian Church.[3] An anonymous supporter (a California admiral, according to the family)[24] had sent a floral arrangement of white chrysanthemums that spelled "Martha was right."[3] She is buried in the Bellwood Cemetery in Pine Bluff with her mother and grandparents.[3]

A November 1970 Gallup poll placed the public's opinion of her at 33-percent unfavorable to 43-percent favorable.[1] She was known for her glamorous but "girly" fashion.[10] Despite her fame as an outsized personality, those who knew her said she was often anxious before attending parties or public events, clutching her friend's arm, trembling, or even weeping.[5][24]

She refused to curtsy to Queen Elizabeth II at a garden party in July 1971, saying, "I feel that an American citizen should not bow to foreign monarchs." Scotland's Earl of Lindsay, a member of the Queen's Body Guard for Scotland, wrote Mitchell a letter of reprimand, and in a statement to the press said, "There is always hope she may learn some manners. She is a stupid woman. If she is going to shout her mouth off like that, she is bound to get shouted at."[26]

Three years after her death, Washington newswoman and Mitchell-collaborator Winzola McLendon released a book called Martha.[5]

The birthplace and childhood home of Martha Beall Mitchell, now the Martha Beall Mitchell Home and Museum, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in January 1978.[28] On the second anniversary of her death, Martha Mitchell Expressway in Pine Bluff was named for her.[28] Three years later to the day, a bust was erected in her honor at the Pine Bluff Civic Center with a plaque that reads "Ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free."[28]

Martha Mitchell was portrayed in the 1995 film Nixon by actress Madeline Kahn who, like Mitchell, died at the age of 57 of cancer.

In 2004, a three-act play, This is Martha Speaking..., by Thomas Doran premiered in Pine Bluff, Arkansas starring Lee Anne Moore as Martha Mitchell and Michael Childers as John Mitchell. That same year, a one-woman play about Mitchell, Dirty Tricks by John Jeter, appeared off-Broadway.[29] The first episode of the podcast Slow Burn, entitled "Martha", chronicled her role in the Watergate scandal.[11] Mitchell was portrayed by Vanessa Bayer in the July 16, 2019 episode of the Comedy Central show Drunk History.[30]

The "Martha Mitchell effect", in which a psychiatrist mistakenly or willfully identifies a patient's true but extraordinary claims as delusions, was named after her.[31]

• Panorama (1974) – Guest host[3]

• Gaslighting
• Martha Mitchell effect
• George Conway

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Martha Mitchell

• Martha Mitchell Home in Arkansas
• Martha Mitchell at Find a Grave
• 18 July 1973 interview with the Associated Press on YouTube