Mary Louise Brown

Mary Louise Brown (1868 – March 9, 1927) was a physician and teacher who devoted over 25 years of her life to servicing the Black community of Washington D.C. Brown was the first African-American woman to receive a wartime medical commission when she joined the Red Cross in 1918 during World War I. Brown graduated from the Howard University College of Medicine and comingled her teaching career at Black community high schools and normal schools with a medical career, often providing medical care for free.

Mary Louise Brown
Born1868 (1868)[1]
Baltimore[2]
DiedMarch 9, 1927(1927-03-09) (aged 58–59)[3][4]
Washington, D.C.[3]
Burial placeWoodlawn Cemetery[5]
Alma materHoward University[6]
Occupationphysician, teacher
Known forFirst African-American woman to receive a medical military commission
Parents

Early life

Brown was born in 1868 in Baltimore, Maryland and raised in a family with eight other siblings. Her father, John Mifflin Brown was a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. As he was frequently reassigned to different churches and was involved in the establishment of various educational and social institutions in the South, the family frequently moved.[7] The children were "talented"[1] and raised in the spirit of post-Civil War Reconstruction. New opportunities for African Americans arose, and along with her brothers and sisters, Mary Brown sought a professional career.[7]

In the 1880s, Brown graduated from the Normal School for Colored Girls in Washington D.C., which, as with every Normal School of the time, provided an opportunity to begin teaching in the city's schools.[2] Brown started teaching English at a high school in the city's Black community.[8]

Medical career

While teaching during the day, Brown attended evening classes at the historically Black Howard University. She graduated from Normal department of the university; then, following in the footsteps of her older sister, Brown attended Medical college from 1894 to 1898.[2] Her graduating class of 1898 produced 32 M.D.'s, three of which were women.[9][6] In an "unprecedented" move at the time for women of color, Brown continued on to post-graduate medical education, traveling to Scotland to complete courses at the University of Edinburgh in 1899 and 1900.[7]

Upon her return to Washington D.C. Brown settled at 1813 Vermont Avenue NW,[2] where she would reside until her death.[3] Brown combined medical and teaching careers, teaching in the mornings and practicing medicine in the afternoons.[10] She devoted over 25 years of her life in service to the Black community of Washington D.C.[1] At the time, an advanced degree earned teachers higher pay.[11] In Brown's case, her medical degree enabled her to transition from a high school teacher of English to a science teacher at a normal school, which precipitated a significant pay increase — from $650 per year to $1000 per year,[12] ($20,100 and $31,000 respectively in 2020 dollars.[note 1])

Red Cross Commission

During World War I, in February 1918, Brown received a commission to join the Red Cross in France.[14][15] She left for France on March 1, 1918[16][note 2] to care for wounded soldiers.[18] The commissions to Brown and other women were lobbied for by the American Medical Women's Association (AMWA) and National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).[20][21][4] Brown's appointment was noted in media across the country as the first military medical commission awarded to a Black woman.[16][19][22] In 1918, the Red Cross and the US Army commissioned approximately 80 women, only two of which, including Brown, were women of color.[23][24] At the time, women's organizations advocated for such personnel to receive military service records (as was customary for military doctors of other countries involved in World War I). However, this effort was unsuccessful, and in most cases, including Brown's, no such records were received.[25][26]

Social services and activism

Brown played an active role in the Black community of Washington D.C., often volunteering her medical services.[27][28] She was in contact with leading women's organizations of the day, including AMWA and NAWSA, which lobbied for Brown's wartime commission in 1918.[20] She was also in touch with Katherine D. Tillman of the National Association of Colored Women and later with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[29][15]

Death

Brown died in her home at 1813 Vermont Avenue NW on March 9, 1927, at the age of 59.[3] Her death was described as "sudden."[5] She was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery on March 12, 1927.[5]

See also

Notes
  1. The approximate value converted to 2020 dollars, based on a standard adjustment of the 1900 dollar value using the Consumer Price Index as calculated by United States Department of Labor.[13]
  2. In a number of recent publications, historian Kimberly Jensen states that Brown was living in France at the time of her appointment.[17][18] This is an apparent error, as contemporary newspapers reported Brown leaving Washington D.C. for France after receiving the commission.[16][19]

References
  1. Moldow 1993.
  2. Lamb 1900, p. 152.
  3. Evening Star; Mar 10, 1927.
  4. Lemay 2020.
  5. Evening Star; Mar 11, 1927.
  6. Evening Times; May 3, 1898.
  7. Moldow 1997.
  8. Moldow 1987, pp. 132, 207.
  9. Evening Star; May 7, 1898.
  10. Moldow 1987.
  11. Moldow 1987, pp. 131–132.
  12. Moldow 1987, p. 132.
  13. Bureau of Labor 2020.
  14. Pennsylvania Medical Journal; Aug 1, 1918.
  15. Hutchinson News; May 30, 1918.
  16. Alton Evening Telegraph; Feb 15, 1918.
  17. Jensen 1993, p. 680.
  18. Jensen 2008, p. 88.
  19. Denver Star; Mar 9, 1918.
  20. Jensen 2012, pp. 195–196.
  21. Patil 2020.
  22. Crisis; May 1, 1918.
  23. Jensen 2012, p. 196.
  24. Jensen 1993, pp. 679–670.
  25. Jensen 2008, pp. 678–680.
  26. Schneider & Schneider 1991, pp. 94–98.
  27. Evening Star; Nov 28, 1907.
  28. New York Age; Jul 28, 1910.
  29. Schneider & Schneider 1991, p. 302.

Literature cited

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