Metabolic equivalent of task

The metabolic equivalent of task (MET) is the objective measure of the ratio of the rate at which a person expends energy, relative to the mass of that person, while performing some specific physical activity compared to a reference, set by convention at 3.5 mL of oxygen per kilogram per minute, which is roughly equivalent to the energy expended when sitting quietly.

Quantitative definitions

Based on oxygen utilization and body mass

The original definition of metabolic equivalent of task is the oxygen used by a person in milliliters per minute per kilogram body mass divided by 3.5.

Other definitions which roughly produce the same numbers have been devised, such as:

where

Based on watts produced and body surface area

Still another definition is based on the body surface area, BSA, and energy itself, where the BSA is expressed in m2:

which is equal to the rate of energy produced per unit surface area of an average person seated at rest. The BSA of an average person is 1.8 m2 (19 ft2). Metabolic rate is usually expressed in terms of unit area of the total body surface (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55[1]).

Based on resting metabolic rate

Originally, 1 MET was considered as the resting metabolic rate (RMR) obtained during quiet sitting.[2][3]

Although the RMR of any person may deviate from the reference value, MET can be thought of as an index of the intensity of activities: for example, an activity with a MET value of 2, such as walking at a slow pace (e.g., 3 km/h) would require twice the energy that an average person consumes at rest (e.g., sitting quietly).[4][5]

Use

MET: The ratio of the work metabolic rate to the resting metabolic rate. One MET is defined as 1 kcal/kg/hour and is roughly equivalent to the energy cost of sitting quietly. A MET also is defined as oxygen uptake in ml/kg/min with one MET equal to the oxygen cost of sitting quietly, equivalent to 3.5 ml/kg/min. The MET concept was primarily designed to be used in epidemiological surveys, where survey respondents answer the amount of time they spend for specific physical activities.[3] MET is used to provide general medical thresholds and guidelines to a population.[6][7] A MET is the ratio of the rate of energy expended during an activity to the rate of energy expended at rest. For example, 1 MET is the rate of energy expenditure while at rest. A 4 MET activity expends 4 times the energy used by the body at rest. If a person does a 4 MET activity for 30 minutes, he or she has done 4 x 30 = 120 MET-minutes (or 2.0 MET-hours) of physical activity. A person could also achieve 120 MET-minutes by doing an 8 MET activity for 15 minutes.[8]

In a systematic review of physical activity and major chronic diseases, a meta‐analysis of 11.25 MET h/week increase in physical activity yielded: 23% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality (RR=0.77, 95% Confidence interval 0.71-0.84), and 26% lower risk of type 2 diabetes (0.74 RR, 95% CI, 0.72-0.77).[9]

Exercise guidelines

The American College of Sports Medicine and American Heart Association guidelines count periods of at least 10 minutes of moderate MET level activity towards their recommended daily amounts of exercise. For healthy adults aged 18 to 65, the guidelines recommend moderate exercise for 30 minutes five days a week, or vigorous aerobic exercise for 20 minutes three days a week.[10]

Activities
Physical activity MET
Light intensity activities < 3
writing, desk work, using computer 1.5[10]
walking slowly 2.0[10]
Moderate intensity activities 3 to 6
walking, 3.0 mph (4.8 km/h) 3.0[10]
sweeping or mopping floors, vacuuming carpets 3 to 3.5[10]
yoga session with asanas and pranayama 3.3[11]
Tennis doubles 5.0[10]
sexual activity, aged 22 5.8[12]
Vigorous intensity activities ≥6
aerobic dancing, medium effort 6.0[13]
bicycling, on flat, 10–12 mph (16–19 km/h), light effort 6.0[10]
jumping jacks >6.0[14]
sun salutation (Surya Namaskar, vigorous with transition jumps) 7.4[11]
basketball game 8.0[10]
swimming moderately to hard 8 to 11[10]
jogging, 5.6 mph (9.0 km/h) 8.8[13]
rope jumping (66/min) 9.8[13]
rope jumping (84/min) 10.5[13]
rope jumping (100/min) 11.0[13]
jogging, 6.8 mph (10.9 km/h) 11.2[13]

Limitations

The definition of MET is problematic when used for specific persons.[4][5] By convention, 1 MET is considered equivalent to the consumption of 3.5 ml O2·kg−1·min−1 (or 3.5 ml of oxygen per kilogram of body mass per minute) and is roughly equivalent to the expenditure of 1 kcal per kilogram of body weight per hour. This value was first experimentally derived from the resting oxygen consumption of a particular subject (a healthy 40-year-old, 70 kg man) and must therefore be treated as a convention. Since the RMR of a person depends mainly on lean body mass (and not total weight) and other physiological factors such as health status, age, etc., actual RMR (and thus 1-MET energy equivalents) may vary significantly from the kcal/(kg·h) rule of thumb. RMR measurements by calorimetry in medical surveys have shown that the conventional 1-MET value overestimates the actual resting O2 consumption and energy expenditures by about 20% to 30% on the average, whereas body composition (ratio of body fat to lean body mass) accounted for most of the variance.[4][5]

Standardized definition for research

The Compendium of Physical Activities was developed for use in epidemiologic studies to standardize the assignment of MET intensities in physical activity questionnaires. Dr. Bill Haskell from Stanford University conceptualized the compendium and developed a prototype for the document. The compendium was used first in the Survey of Activity, Fitness, and Exercise (SAFE study – 1987 to 1989) to code and score physical activity records. Since then, the compendium has been used in studies worldwide to assign intensity units to physical activity questionnaires and to develop innovative ways to assess energy expenditure in physical activity studies. The compendium was published in 1993 and updated in 2000 and 2011.[15][16]

See also

References
  1. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
  2. Ainsworth et al. 1993
  3. Ainsworth et al. 2000
  4. Byrne et al. 2005
  5. Savage, Toth & Ades 2007
  6. Royall et al. 2008
  7. World Health Organization 2010
  8. "Appendix 1 – 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines – health.gov".
  9. Wahid, A.; Manek, N.; Nichols, M.; Kelly, P.; Foster, C.; Webster, P.; Kaur, A.; Friedemann Smith, C.; Wilkins, E.; Rayner, M.; Roberts, N.; Scarborough, P. (2016). "Quantifying the Association Between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis". Journal of the American Heart Association. 5 (9): e002495. doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002495. PMC 5079002. PMID 27628572.
  10. Haskell, William L.; et al. (2007). "Physical Activity and Public Health". Circulation. 116 (9): 1081–1093. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649. ISSN 0009-7322. The guidelines are free to download.
  11. Larson-Meyer, D. Enette (2016). "A Systematic Review of the Energy Cost and Metabolic Intensity of Yoga". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 48 (8): 1558–1569. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000922. ISSN 0195-9131. The review examined 17 studies, of which 10 measured the energy cost of yoga sessions.
  12. Frappier et al. 2013
  13. Jetté, M.; Sidney, K.; Blümchen, G. (1990). "Metabolic Equivalents (METS) in Exercise Testing, Exercise Prescription, and Evaluation of Functional Capacity". Clinical Cardiology. 13 (8): 555–565. doi:10.1002/clc.4960130809. PMID 2204507.
  14. "General Physical Activities Defined by Level of Intensity" (PDF). cdc.gov. CDC. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
  15. Ainsworth et al. 2011
  16. "Compendia – Compendium of Physical Activities". Compendium of Physical Activities on Google Sites. Retrieved 26 May 2018. Web site with links to the Compendia

Sources
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