Michael T. McGuire

Dr. McGuire was Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry/Biobehavioral Sciences at the University of California at Los Angeles. Dr. McGuire was a physician, psychiatrist and researcher in the areas of ethology, evolutionary biology, central nervous system neurotransmitters, and the biological basis of behavior. As a member of the Behavioral Research Institute at UCLA and Director of the Sepulveda Veterans Administration/UCLA Nonhuman Primate Laboratory, his primary areas of interest were nonhuman primate behavior, brain physiology, evolutionary theory, and ethology. A great deal of Dr. McGuire's published work in the last several years have been attempts to expand the application of Darwinian or evolutionary biology principles to areas such as law, healthcare, psychiatry and human behavior.

A significant amount of McGuire's work in the last few decades has been to position developments in biology and evolutionary theory as tools to improve our understanding of politics, economics, and law. "[O]ur unimpressive record of understanding and forecasting political, social and economic events is largely a consequence of the failure to incorporate human nature into our thinking." [2] Neuroscience and evolutionary biology have created new strategies for analyzing and understanding many aspects of human behavior, from mother-infant bonding to sexual selection. These and other scientific advances, McGuire writes, provide more exact information about human behavior, which in turn "facilitates a better understanding of which policies and decisions are likely to be effective." [3]

In the preface to the 1994 book, The Neurotransmitter Revolution: Serotonin, Social Behavior and the Law, the editors, Roger Masters and Michael T. McGuire, state that new findings in neurochemistry and neuroanatomy offer valuable insights into human behavior. Numerous studies have demonstrated that in both nonhuman primates and humans, changes in neurotransmitter levels can lead to measurable changes in behavior, function and even social status.[4][5][6] "Social scientists and lawyers will increasingly need to consider the ways scientific evidence can uncover chemical influence on behavior. Conversely, biologists and physicians will need to consider the legal and moral implications of their own research. Hasty conclusions by uninformed lawyers, journalists or politicians could do unforeseen damage to the fundamental principles of a democratic society." [7]

Most significantly, studies have revealed that humans enter the world with many predisposed behaviors which are the result of and influenced by genetics. This predisposition applies not only to basic emotions but to behavioral strategies such as choosing a mate, protecting resources, and interacting in a social environment. Indeed, human institutions as complex as culture and tradition can also be looked at and evaluated in the same way. In other words, political and legal decisions that impact issues such immigration policy, privatization of land and religious tolerance should be evaluated through the prism of modern biological science.[8]

Indeed, the impact of biological knowledge on law is already profound if one looks at how our interpretations of scientific information affect legal decisions in a variety of areas: environmental issues (altered foods, offshore drilling, species protection), reproductive lawsuits (surrogate mothering, paternity, abortion), mental illness defense (alcoholism, mental retardation, premenstrual syndrome), child abuse and neglect (fetal alcohol syndrome), military claims (Agent Orange, post-traumatic stress syndrome) and workplace claims (repetitive stress disorder).

McGuire has written that biologically based insights into human behavior, the role of the environment on behavior, the role of technology (such as drugs, the technical means to prolong life) and the nature of culture and tradition could benefit our legal theory and practice.[9] At the same time, he cautions that there are numerous moral and ethical issues at stake in redefining our legal institutions and the application of biological information should not compromise the legal process or overstep the boundaries of our scientific knowledge.[10]

In the 1998 book, Darwinian Psychiatry, McGuire, along with co-author, Alfonso Troisi, make that case that psychiatry would be better served by utilizing an evolutionary model rather than the prevailing models (e.g., the psychoanalysis, behavioral, or biomedical models) for diagnosing and treating mental conditions. This position is not unique and has been set forth by a number of medical professionals.[11]

The idea that human behavior can indeed be understood within the framework of evolutionary theory was first suggested in Darwin’s publication of The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). More than one hundred years passed until these ideas entered mainstream scientific discussions. In 1975, E.O. Wilson’s Sociobiology was not the only major publication to address these issues, but it may have been the most controversial. Wilson posited that using the same tools and reasoning as had been applied to animal and nonhuman primate studies, we could identify and utilize the evolutionarily origins of human social organization, barter and reciprocation, bonding, role playing, communication, culture, ritual and religion.

McGuire & Troisi build a case for Darwinian Psychiatry as a science of human behavior, then offer evolutionary models of mental conditions including depression, personality disorders, schizophrenia, phobias, anorexia nervosa, suicide and others. The thesis that psychiatry can achieve the status of a science has its basis in a theory of behavior which has structured protocols and agreed upon methods for testing hypotheses. At the same time the attempted program is as complex and far reaching as the human subject itself, integrating genetics, physiology, ethology, behavioral sciences, psychology and sociology into an understanding of human behavior and mental conditions.

Darwinian psychiatry differs from psychiatry’s prevailing models in that the Darwinian model is based on a theory of behavior that applies concepts from evolutionary biology including: ultimate causes, biological motivations-goals, sexual selection, traits and trait variation, and the social environment. At least four ultimately caused (selectively influenced) behavior patterns or systems are thought to apply to Homo sapiens: survival, reproductive, kin assistance and reciprocation systems.[12] A person’s mental health will be, in part, determined by how well he or she functions to achieve their often predetermined goals in each of these areas. The primary goal of therapy designed in an evolutionary context is to improve the individual’s capabilities to achieve these short-term biological goals.[13]

• (1971) Reconstructions in Psychoanalysis (ISBN 0-39061-930-2)
• (1974) St. Kitts Vervet (ISBN 3-80551-692-4)
• (1977) Ethological Psychiatry: Psychopathology in the context of evolutionary biology with Lynn A. Fairbanks (ISBN 0-80890-988-6)
• (1993) Human Nature and the New Europe (ISBN 0-81338-719-1)
• (1993) Biology, Culture and Environmental Law (ISBN 9783428077328)
• (1994) The Neurotransmitter Revolution: Serotonin, Social Behavior and the Law Edited by Margaret Gruter, Roger D. Masters and Michael T. McGuire (ISBN 0-80931-801-6)
• (1998) Darwinian Psychiatry with Alfonso Troisi (ISBN 0-19511-673-9)
• (1999) The US Healthcare Dilemma: Mirrors and Chains with William H. Anderson (ISBN 0-86569-275-0)
• (2010) God's Brain with Lionel Tiger (ISBN 978-1-61614-164-6)
• (2013) Believing: The Neuroscience of Fantasies, Fears, and Convictions (ISBN 978-1-61614-829-4)

• McGuire Bio at The Gruter Institute