Milecastle 9

Milecastle 9 was a long-axis milecastle with Type IV gateways (a broad wall variation of Type II gateways).[2]). Such milecastles were thought to have been constructed by the Legio XX Valeria Victrix who were based in Deva Victrix (Chester).[3] The only other known milecastles with Type IV gateways are Milecastle 27 and possibly Milecastle 10.[2]

The milecastle had internal dimensions of 48 feet 10 inches (14.88 m) wide by 60 feet (18 m) long, with gates 9 feet (2.7 m) wide. The side walls were 9 feet (2.7 m) thick with the south wall being slightly narrower and having rounded internal and external corners to the side walls. The side walls were constructed of a clay and rubble core, with mortared facing stones. Seven stones from the base course were found to bear numerals (5 of 'VIII', 1 of 'VIIII' and one of 'IX'). It is possible that these were cut at the quarry.[4]

A posthole has been found in the western portion of Milecastle 9, possibly indicating an earlier timber structure. The barrack block covered a reasonably small 32m². As a result, it has been suggested that the garrison size was 8 men, smaller than many other milecastles (which had up to 32).[1] The stone built barracks was extended in the third century and another building of unknown function erected close by to the west.[1]

• 1840 - Hodgson wrote that "about 1790 strong foundations of masonry were dug up at Chapel Houses, on the site called Chapel".[5]

• 1858 - Henry MacLauchlan describes the remains of Chapel House as destroyed so that the outlines can barely be seen.[6]

• 1929 - Only the foundation course of the milecastle's side walls were found to remain, but six courses above the foundation stones remained of the north and south walls. The milecastle's dimensions were established (including an estimate for the width of the south gate). Finds included:.[7]
  • A posthole found in the western portion. This indicates the possibility an earlier timber structure.
  • Part of a stone barrack block. This covered a relatively small 32 square metres, suggested a garrison size of a Contubernium (8 men), smaller than many other milecastles. The barracks was extended in the third century (probably to house 4 contubernia (32 men)).[1]
  • A further building of unknown function erected a short distance.[1]
  • Pottery reflecting each Wall period
  • Coins of Tetricus I and also Valentinian I (indicating the milecastle to be one of only 10 yielding 4th century material)
  • A gaming board
  • A sword scabbard chape
  • Part of a relief of a female figure
  • A further unusual find was that of a Roman or post-Roman cist burial outside the south wall. It contained a headless skeleton thought to be of an individual of 17 years. Also, the bones of an adult man and a woman of about 20 were discovered close by.
  • The Military Way was discovered 32 feet (9.8 m) to the south running east–west, with a branch road to the gateway. At this point, the Military Way was more than 32 feet (9.8 m) wide, of sandstone penning with traces of a curb on the north side
• 1951 - Partial re-examination. The north gate was found, and identified to be a variant of Type II (now known as Type IV).
• 1966 - English Heritage Field Investigation. It was noted that the major part of the milecastle had now been covered by road widening, but the southern portion was still evident as an ill-defined ground swelling within an arable field. There was no evidence of the Military Way or branch road.[8] Excavations were carried out to locate Turret 9A in 1928 but failed to find it.[9]
• 1979 - English Heritage Field Investigation. It was noted that the site had become even more ill-defined since the previous investigation. The site showing no intelligible remains.[8]
• Late 1990s - An English Heritage investigation found that Milecastle 9 was one of only 14 milecastles on cultivated land and that only it and Milecastle 19 were being damaged by farming.[10] Milecastle 9 suffered plough scores across the tops of the surviving walls (the south side lying under a farmer's field).[10] It was concluded that the only way to prevent future plough damage is to take the land out of cultivation.[11]
• 2000 - Partial re-examination. A flagged surface was recorded beyond the south-east corner, and evidence was found that the milecastle may have been constructed on earlier archaeological deposits. A layer of yellow clay was noted below the milecastle, possibly laid down as a building platform. A ditch was found to be present to the east of the milecastle, possibly part of the defences.[12] If this were the case, Milecastle 9 would be one of only five milecastles where a perimeter ditch has been identified.

Each milecastle on Hadrian's Wall had two associated turret structures. These turrets were positioned approximately one-third and two-thirds of a Roman mile to the west of the Milecastle, and would probably have been manned by part of the milecastle's garrison. The turrets associated with Milecastle 9 are known as Turret 9A and Turret 9B.

• Daniels, Charles (1979), "Review: Fact and Theory on Hadrian's Wall", Britannia, 10: 357–364, JSTOR 526069