Milton Margai

Margai trained health care workers to instruct female community leaders in the Mende women's religion, the Sande.[10] The Sande religion served as a facilitation system of practical knowledge about midwifery passed down by generations of women in the region.[10] In 1948, Margai wrote an article for African Affairs entitled "Welfare Work in a Secret Society," in which he discusses the difficulties of spreading English medical knowledge in the Protectorate of Sierra Leone due to local traditions.[11]

Working in concert with local women's groups, Margai helped introduce health and hygiene training into puberty initiation ceremonies.[10] He also trained midwives and was the author of an instruction manual on midwifery in the Mende language.[3] The women whom Margai trained became known as "Mamma Nurses," and were respected for their prowess in midwifery due to Margai's training.[10]

Margai's entry into politics occurred in the 1930s when he became a nonchief member of the Protectorate assembly representing the Bonthe region.[12] By 1950, he was in charge of the Sierra Leone Organization Society.[12] In 1951, Margai founded the nationalist Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) with Siaka Stevens, which won the 1951 election to the Legislative Council. After heading the departments of Health, Agriculture, and Forestry, Margai was elected chief minister in 1954. Although the SLPP won elections again in 1957, the following year Margai's leadership of the party was challenged by his younger brother, Albert, but even though he narrowly won the internal party election, he declined the leadership of the party, and left to form the opposition People's National Party, rejoining his brother in a coalition government in 1960.

Though Margai was pro-British and conservative in his political views, he felt that Sierra Leone would fare better as a self-determined state.[13] In 1951, Margai oversaw the drafting of a new constitution which triggered the process of decolonisation.[13] In 1953 Sierra Leone was granted local ministerial powers and Margai was made Chief Minister.[13] The new constitution ensured Sierra Leone a parliamentary system within the Commonwealth of Nations and was formally adopted in 1958.[13]

Margai led the Sierra Leone delegation at the constitutional conferences that were held with British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod in London in 1960.[4] On 27 April 1961, Milton Margai led Sierra Leone to independence from the United Kingdom.[13] The nation held its first general elections on 27 May 1962 and Margai was elected Sierra Leone's first Prime Minister by a landslide.[13] His party, the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) won majority of seat in parliament.[13] Margai then sought to heal divides between Sierra Leone's ethnic groups, as several northern ethnic groups felt underrepresented in the SLPP. To ameliorate their concerns, Margai appointed several elites from northern ethnic groups to key ministerial positions. However, this did little to lessen poverty in the north, and forced the SLPP to engage in clientelism in order to ease tensions with northern ethnic leaders.[14]

While Margai was only Prime Minister for three years, he served as a crucial first figurehead for Sierra Leone at the time of democratization.[2] In large part, Margai sought to unite the country and build a sense of national identity while becoming a member of the British Commonwealth.[2] Margai gained the respect of the country's large illiterate population for his reputation as a skilled explainer. He also garnered support from local chiefs, who wielded significant social power at the time, because they respected the work he had done to achieve independence for the country.[4] However, Margai faced criticism for suppressing the political activities of the All People's Congress (APC), Sierra Leone's opposition political party.[15] Margai focused heavily on modernization, particularly in the areas of education, health, and agriculture.[15] Margai allowed local councils and governments to spearhead many improvement projects, but they were ultimately accountable to the central government, and Margai sometimes withheld funding from councils controlled by the opposition party.[15]

When Margai became Prime Minister, he left control of the Sierra Leone national army in the hands of the British.[16] Slowly, Margai gave more control of the army over to Sierra Leoneans, and by 1964, the army was fairly ethnically heterogenous, with 26% of officers being Mende, 12% Temne, and 64% other groups.[16] Once Margai died, however, his brother Sir Albert Margai took power and sought to make the army homogeneously Mende.[16]

Margai struggled to handle issues of illegal immigration of the Fula people from Guinea.[12] In 1962, his government rounded up several "strangers" under the assumption that they were illegal immigrants from Guinea, but released them upon learning they were local chiefs.[12]

In 1961 Margai appealed for funding to build a school for the blind in Freetown.[17] In 1962, he set the foundation stone for the building at Wilkinson Road.[17] The school motto is: "We cannot see but we will conquer".[17] In 2006, the school was the subject of a three-part documentary on BBC News.[18] The Milton Margai School for the Blind Choir has toured the UK twice in 2003 and 2006.[19]

In 1963 the Milton Margai College of Education and Technology was established.[20] The first incarnation of the school was the Milton Margai Teacher's College[20] but as the school grew and the curriculum expanded the name was changed to the Milton Margai College of Education.[20] In 2000, the school merged with the Freetown Technical Institute.[20]