Minye Kyawhtin of Toungoo

His rebellion was one of many insurrections that sprang up around the kingdom in 1426–1427. Many vassals simply refused to acknowledge Thado, who did not hail from the founding house of the dynasty. Unlike other vassals however, Kyawhtin claimed the throne outright, and planned to conquer Ava itself. His first campaign came in late 1426 right after Toungoo, a major vassal state in the southeast, declared independence. He occupied Yenantha (modern northern Mandalay Region), about 60 km northeast of the royal capital.[17][18] But his timing was not right. Thado had not diverted his troops to the Toungoo front, and a 15,000-strong Ava army promptly drove Kyawhtin back to Onbaung.[19][20]

But the army could not follow him to Onbaung. More serious rebellions—by Thado's hitherto allies–arose.[19][20] In January 1427, the sawbwa (governor) of Mogaung in the north revolted after being passed over for the governorship of Mohnyin.[note 2] More ominously for Thado, the rebel governors of Toungoo and Taungdwin made a pact with King Binnya Ran I of Hanthawaddy Pegu to take over Prome (Pyay). By early 1427, Ran's forces had occupied Tharrawaddy, a southernmost district of Prome, and threatened Prome itself.[19][20]

Kyawhtin decided to strike again in late 1427, but this time only after the main Ava forces had left for the southern front. Backed by nine battalions from Onbaung, he found little initial resistance, and quickly advanced as far as Tabetswe, just 25 km southeast of Ava. Thado was caught off guard, and had to scramble to organize a defensive force to hold Kyawhtin at Tabetswe. The force, led by Gen. Baya Gamani, eventually pushed Kyawhtin back to Pinle (modern Myittha Township), about 70 km southeast of Ava.[19][21]

Ava did try to drive him out of Pinle by using both military and diplomatic means. (The town was one of the "original eleven districts" (khayaing) since the Pagan period, and was well defended by high brick walls.[22]) In 1428–1429, the prince outlasted a three-month siege by a small Ava army (1500 troops, 300 cavalry, 20 elephants).[23] Unable to break through, the Ava court sent a mission to Onbaung to persuade Le Than Bwa to withdraw the sawbwa's support of Kyawhtin. (Thado also sent a similar mission to Yat Sauk Naung Mun (modern Lawksawk Township), a backer of the Taungdwin and Yemethin rebellions.) Both missions failed, and the rebellions continued.[23]

Despite Le Than Bwa's continued support, Kyawhtin could not get the backing of any other vassals. He could not muster enough manpower to be a viable threat to Ava. Indeed, he managed to survive because Ava had bigger concerns elsewhere. Ava had been preoccupied by Pegu's designs on Prome since 1427, and fought a losing war against the southern kingdom in 1430–1431.[24] Ava turned its attention to the rebel states only in 1433, sending an army (5000 troops, 300 cavalry, 12 elephants) Pinle, Yamethin and Taungdwin. But the feeble expedition failed to take a single town.[25]

It was the last time Thado tried to take the rebel regions by force. Frustrated by the failures, the king, a former general, became increasingly withdrawn, and turned to building/renovating pagodas and resetting the Burmese calendar's epochal year to 1436.[26][27] He famously did nothing in 1437 when Ran blatantly placed his nominee Saw Oo in Toungoo.[28][29]

The unofficial ceasefire ended with Thado's death in 1439. Thado's eldest son Minye Kyawswa I (r. 1439–1442) succeeded, and immediately set out to reclaim the rebel regions. After a successful campaign in 1439–1440 that recaptured Kale (Kalay) and Mohnyin, Ava forces (7000 troops, 400 cavalry, 20 elephants) attacked the southern rebel regions in 1440–1441.[30] The reinvigorated Ava forces captured Taungdwin and Toungoo in succession; Pinle and Yamethin survived only because they were not the main targets of the campaign.[note 3]

Kyawhtin got a breather in 1441–1442 as Ava forces were back in the north to reclaim Mogaung.[31] The northernmost Shan state fell in April 1442 as a new king, Narapati I (r. 1442–1468), came to power in Ava.[32] Buoyed by the success, the new king sent an 8000-strong army to Yamethin and Pinle, the only holdouts in the southeast, in November 1442. Yamethin surrendered without a fight but Kyawhtin refused. Ava forces laid siege to Pinle but the prince would be bailed out yet again. In March 1443,[33] a Chinese army invaded from the north, and the Ava army withdrew from Pinle.[34][35] (According to Chinese records, the expedition was to demand the return of Si Renfa (Tho Ngan Bwa), the rebel chief of Mong Mao, who had taken refuge in Ava.[33])

With Ava forces in the north, Kyawhtin promptly occupied Yamethin.[36][35] His wife was a daughter of the famed governor of Yamethin, Thilawa.[37] But his success was temporary. Ava troops successfully held off the Chinese. More importantly, the Chinese invasion forced Onbaung,[note 4] the long-time backer of Kyawhtin, to side with Ava in 1444.[36][38] Kyawhtin did not follow Onbaung, and remained defiant. After Ava and Ming governments reached a truce in late 1445,[note 5] Narapati ordered an all out attack on Kyawhtin. According to the Burmese chronicles, the Chinese agreed to help with the campaign to dislodge Kyawhtin in exchange for the Burmese delivering the renegade sawbwa the Chinese were after.[36][39] Kyawhtin had planned to make his stand at Yamethin but when he heard about an overwhelming force coming his way, he fled.[39][40]

Governor Minkhaung I represented as a nat (spirit)

After Yamethin, Minye Kyawhtin and his family went into hiding.[39][41] Out of a village, apparently in or close to modern Taungoo District, Kyawhtin plotted to take over the region, which was ruled by his second cousin Gov. Minkhaung I of Toungoo. In early 1452,[note 6] with the help of an inside man—Minkhaung's head of the elephant stables— who was loyal to him, Kyawhtin and his hundred followers slipped inside the city, and stormed the governor's residence, killing Minkhaung.[42] Kyawhtin took over the provincial capital, and proclaimed himself "king" of Toungoo.[41][42]

The fall of Toungoo was a major blow to Ava. Kyawhtin had now gained control of a major vassal state. With the Chinese threat still lurking in the north, King Narapati did not respond to the takeover.[41] For his part, Kyawhtin did not attack Ava or try to take over other nearby vassal states. Chronicles say that it was only then that Kyawhtin had essentially given up his claim to the Ava throne, and was now content to be "king" of a province.[41][43]

In any case, no fighting took place between Ava and Toungoo in the next seven years. Minye Kyawhtin ruled the region like a sovereign. He apparently conducted his own diplomacy as one of his sons was married to a princess from Hanthawaddy Pegu.[44] His rule is not remembered kindly, however. The local chronicle Toungoo Yazawin harshly remembers him as a tyrant and a womanizer, who terrorized the populace.[45] In the end, his demise came not from Ava's machinations but from his own doing. According to the Toungoo Yazawin, seven years into his rule, he sexually assaulted a young woman, who happened to be a younger sister of Kyawhtin's bodyguard Nga Tan-Si, a grandson of Gov. Thinkhaya III of Toungoo; "overcome by shame" Tan-Si is said to have cut down Kyawhtin with his sword at once.[45] The main chronicles simply say that Kyawhtin was assassinated by Nga Tan-Si, grandson of Thinkhaya III of Toungoo.[37][46]

After Kyawhtin's death, Narapati sent an army led by Crown Prince Maha Thihathura to Toungoo. The city offered no resistance. In April 1459, the king appointed Gov. Thiri Zeya Thura of Taungdwin to assume the governorship of Toungoo.[46]