Mu'ayyid al-Mulk

Mu'ayyid al-Mulk (Persian: م'ید الملک‎) was a Persian bureaucrat, who served as the vizier of the Seljuk sultan Berkyaruq (r. 1092–1105) from 1094 to 1095, and later vizier of the Sejluk prince Muhammad I Tapar from 1099 to 1101. He was the most energetic and gifted of the sons of Nizam al-Mulk, with whom he neared in capability.[1]

Born in 1051, Mu'ayyid al-Mulk spent the first 10 years of Malik-Shah I's reign (r. 1072–1092) in Baghdad and Jazira, where he was the deputy of his father and the sultan in almost the same manner as that of a viceroy. After the downfall of Abu'l-Mahasin Sayyid al-Ru'asa' in 1083/4, Mu'ayyid al-Mulk succeeded him as the tughra'i (administrative secretary). However, he was not happy with this post, and thus asked to be dismissed. He subsequently went to Iraq, where he served as a diplomat. Mention of him in chronicles is thereafter omitted for the next 10 years. Some of Mu'izzi's poems imply that he was in Sistan and Herat.[1]

Mu'ayyid al-Mulk was in Khurasan at the end of 1094, but fled to the city of Isfahan to join Berkyaruq, who appointed him as his vizier. He convinced or bribed the leading figures of Iraq and Khurasan who had joined Tutush I to return to the allegiance of Berkyaruq. He also played a key-role in the defeat of Tutush in 1095, at Dashilu, near Ray. He was reportedly personally thanked by Berkyaruq. However, he soon fell from grace. He had alienated Berkyaruq's mother Zubayda Khatun, who held great influence over her son. Furthermore, he had also bickered with his brother Fakhr al-Mulk over jewels left by their father. The latter offered Berkyaruq a great sum of riches in return for the post of vizier, which he accepted. Mu'ayyid al-Mulk was thus dismissed.[1]

He soon entered into the service of Berkyaruq's half-brother Muhammad I Tapar, who appointed him as his vizier. Mu'ayyid al-Mulk made use of his newfound position to exact vengeance on his rivals, which was made easier due to Muhammad's young age, who was approximately 17 years old at the time. The Nizamiyya and the prominent families of Isfahan also joined Muhammad, stopping Berkyaruq from entering the city.[2] The rebellion was launched from Muhammad's base at the city of Ganja in Arran, which had been given to him as a iqta' (land grant) by Berkyaruq back in 1093.[3]

Muhammad's capture of Ray exposed the vulnerability of Berkyaruq's realm. Sa'd al-Dawla Gawhara'in, the shihna (military administrator) of Baghdad, soon joined Muhammad, which implies that the city was also added to his domain. Nevertheless, the five-year war continued to be indecisive, with Baghdad repeatedly changing hands. Even with the support of Sanjar (who despised Berkyaruq), Muhammad was unable to defeat his rival.[4] In 1101, Muhammad's forces were defeated in a battle near Hamadan, which resulted in the capture of Mu'ayyid al-Mulk, who was taken to Berkyaruq, who had him personally killed.[5]