Multi-ringed basin

A multi-ringed basin (also a multi-ring impact basin) is not a simple bowl-shaped crater, or a peak ring crater, but one containing multiple concentric topographic rings;[1] a multi-ringed basin could be described as a massive impact crater, surrounded by circular chains of mountains.[2] As such, a multi-ring basin slightly resembles a bull's-eye, may have an area of many thousands of square kilometres.[3]

Valhalla Basin on Jupiter's moon Callisto, taken by Voyager 1

An impact crater of diameter bigger than about 180 miles (290 km) is referred to as a basin.[4]

Mare Orientale, on Earth's Moon

The structure of multi-ring basins

In adjacent rings, the ratio of the diameters approximates √2:1 ≈ 1.41 to 1.[5][6][7]

Formation

To start, a peak ring crater has

one peak-ring, i.e., a crater rim, which is generally circular, and
a mountainous region which surrounds the basin center.

A multi-ringed basin has an important difference, which is multiple peak-rings.

In extremely large collisions, following the impact the rebound of the surface can obliterate any trace of the initial impact point. Usually a peak ring crater has a high structure with a terrace, and has slump structures inside of it. There are new theories about the lunar mare called Mare Orientale on Earth's Moon, as to how it formed.[8]

Multi-ring basins are some of the largest, oldest, rarest and least understood of impact craters. There are various theories to explain the formation of multi-ringed basis, however there is currently, there is no consensus.[9][10]

Examples

In Mexico Chicxulub crater has a sufficient area to have been a multi-ringed basin,[11]
On the largest moon of Jupiter, Ganymede, Anubis Crater is a multi-ringed basin,
On the moon of Saturn, Dione, Evander is a multi-ringed basin,
On Mercury, Caloris Basin, surrounded by Caloris Montes is a multi-ringed basin,
The Earth's Moon, Mare Orientale is a multi-ringed basin, created by an impactor perhaps 285 miles in diameter, near as wide as the state of New York, traveling at 9 miles per second, or about 32,400 miles per hour,[12]
On Jupiter's moon Callisto, Valhalla is a multi-ringed basin.

References

Head, J. W. (January 2010). "Transition from complex craters to multi-ringed basins on terrestrial planetary bodies: Scale-dependent role of the expanding melt cavity and progressive interaction with the displaced zone" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (2): L02203. Bibcode:2010GeoRL..37.2203H. doi:10.1029/2009GL041790.
"Lunar Landforms Teacher Page". Hawai'i Space Grant Consortium, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i. 1998. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
"Multiringed basin". Encyclopedia Britannica. February 1, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
Parrish, Alton (October 29, 2016). "How Multi-Ring Craters Form Revealed by New Research". Ideas, Inventions And Innovations. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
"Multi-Ring Basin". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
Moons & Planets, William K. Hartmann, 2005, p.255ff
Martellato, Elena (January 31, 2011). The importance of being a crater: A tool in planetary surface analysis and datation (PDF) (PhD Thesis). Università degli Studi di Padova. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
Stacey, Kevin (October 27, 2016). "Research helps explain formation of ringed crater on the Moon". News from Brown. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
Potter, Ross W.K. (November 2015). "Investigating the onset of multi-ring impact basin formation" (PDF). Icarus. 261: 91–99. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...91P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.009.
Stuart Ross Taylor (1982). "Meteorite impacts, craters and multi-ring basins" (PDF). Planetary Science: A Lunar Perspective. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
McKinnon, W. B.; Alexopoulos, J. S. "Some implications of large impact craters and basins on Venus for terrestrial ringed craters and planetary evolution". KT Event and Other Catastrophes. hdl:2060/19940023803.
Chu, Jennifer (October 27, 2016). "Retracing the origins of a massive, multi-ring crater". MIT News. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

External links and references

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[Transition_from_complex_craters_to_multi-ringed_basins_on_terrestrial_planetary_bodies:_Scale-dependent_role_of_the_expanding_melt_cavity_and_progressive_interaction_with_the_displaced_zone-1] Head, J. W. (January 2010). "Transition from complex craters to multi-ringed basins on terrestrial planetary bodies: Scale-dependent role of the expanding melt cavity and progressive interaction with the displaced zone" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (2): L02203. Bibcode:2010GeoRL..37.2203H. doi:10.1029/2009GL041790.

[Lunar_Landforms_Teacher_Page-2] "Lunar Landforms Teacher Page". Hawai'i Space Grant Consortium, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i. 1998. Retrieved 18 January 2019.

[Multiringed_basin_ASTRONOMY-3] "Multiringed basin". Encyclopedia Britannica. February 1, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2019.

[How_Multi-Ring_Craters_Form_Revealed_by_New_Research-4] Parrish, Alton (October 29, 2016). "How Multi-Ring Craters Form Revealed by New Research". Ideas, Inventions And Innovations. Retrieved January 20, 2019.

[Multi-Ring_Basin-5] "Multi-Ring Basin". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved January 20, 2019.

[6] Moons & Planets, William K. Hartmann, 2005, p.255ff

[The_importance_of_being_a_crater:_A_tool_in_planetary_surface_analysis_and_datation-7] Martellato, Elena (January 31, 2011). The importance of being a crater: A tool in planetary surface analysis and datation (PDF) (PhD Thesis). Università degli Studi di Padova. Retrieved January 20, 2019.

[Research_helps_explain_formation_of_ringed_crater_on_the_Moon-8] Stacey, Kevin (October 27, 2016). "Research helps explain formation of ringed crater on the Moon". News from Brown. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

[Investigating_the_onset_of_multi-ring_impact_basin_formation-9] Potter, Ross W.K. (November 2015). "Investigating the onset of multi-ring impact basin formation" (PDF). Icarus. 261: 91–99. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...91P. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.009.

[Meteorite_impacts,_craters_and_multi-ring_basins-10] Stuart Ross Taylor (1982). "Meteorite impacts, craters and multi-ring basins" (PDF). Planetary Science: A Lunar Perspective. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 19 January 2019.

[Some_implications_of_large_impact_craters_and_basins_on_Venus_for_terrestrial_ringed_craters_and_planetary_evolution-11] McKinnon, W. B.; Alexopoulos, J. S. "Some implications of large impact craters and basins on Venus for terrestrial ringed craters and planetary evolution". KT Event and Other Catastrophes. hdl:2060/19940023803.

[Retracing_the_origins_of_a_massive,_multi-ring_crater-12] Chu, Jennifer (October 27, 2016). "Retracing the origins of a massive, multi-ring crater". MIT News. Retrieved 20 January 2019.