Moons of Jupiter

There are 79 known moons of Jupiter, not counting a number of moonlets likely shed from the inner moons.[1][2] The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons, which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius and were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. Much more recently, beginning in 1892, dozens of far smaller Jovian moons have been detected and have received the names of lovers or daughters of the Roman god Jupiter or his Greek equivalent Zeus. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter, with the remaining 75 known moons and the rings together composing just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass.

For other uses, see Moons of Jupiter (disambiguation).

A montage of Jupiter and its four largest moons (distance and sizes not to scale)

Of Jupiter's moons, eight are regular satellites with prograde and nearly circular orbits that are not greatly inclined with respect to Jupiter's equatorial plane. The Galilean satellites are nearly spherical in shape due to their planetary mass, and so would be considered at least dwarf planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun. The other four regular satellites are much smaller and closer to Jupiter; these serve as sources of the dust that makes up Jupiter's rings. The remainder of Jupiter's moons are irregular satellites whose prograde and retrograde orbits are much farther from Jupiter and have high inclinations and eccentricities. These moons were probably captured by Jupiter from solar orbits. Twenty-two of the irregular satellites have not yet been officially named.

Characteristics
The Galilean moons. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter: Io; Europa; Ganymede; Callisto.

The physical and orbital characteristics of the moons vary widely. The four Galileans are all over 3,100 kilometres (1,900 mi) in diameter; the largest Galilean, Ganymede, is the ninth largest object in the Solar System, after the Sun and seven of the planets, Ganymede being larger than Mercury. All other Jovian moons are less than 250 kilometres (160 mi) in diameter, with most barely exceeding 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).[note 1] Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined, and many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's rotation (retrograde motion). Orbital periods range from seven hours (taking less time than Jupiter does to rotate around its axis), to some three thousand times more (almost three Earth years).

Origin and evolution
The relative masses of the Jovian moons. Those smaller than Europa are not visible at this scale, and combined would only be visible at 100× magnification.

Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk.[3][4] They may be the remnants of a score of Galilean-mass satellites that formed early in Jupiter's history.[3][5]

Simulations suggest that, while the disk had a relatively high mass at any given moment, over time a substantial fraction (several tens of a percent) of the mass of Jupiter captured from the solar nebula was passed through it. However, only 2% of the proto-disk mass of Jupiter is required to explain the existing satellites.[3] Thus there may have been several generations of Galilean-mass satellites in Jupiter's early history. Each generation of moons might have spiraled into Jupiter, because of drag from the disk, with new moons then forming from the new debris captured from the solar nebula.[3] By the time the present (possibly fifth) generation formed, the disk had thinned so that it no longer greatly interfered with the moons' orbits.[5] The current Galilean moons were still affected, falling into and being partially protected by an orbital resonance with each other, which still exists for Io, Europa, and Ganymede. Ganymede's larger mass means that it would have migrated inward at a faster rate than Europa or Io.[3]

The outer, irregular moons are thought to have originated from captured asteroids, whereas the protolunar disk was still massive enough to absorb much of their momentum and thus capture them into orbit. Many are believed to have broken up by mechanical stresses during capture, or afterward by collisions with other small bodies, producing the moons we see today.[6]

Discovery
Jupiter and the Galilean moons through a 25 cm (10 in) Meade LX200 telescope.
The number of moons known for each of the four outer planets up to October 2019. Jupiter currently has 79 known satellites.
See also: Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons

Chinese historian Xi Zezong claimed that the earliest record of a Jovian moon (Ganymede or Callisto) was a note by Chinese astronomer Gan De of an observation around 364 BC regarding a "reddish star".[7] However, the first certain observations of Jupiter's satellites were those of Galileo Galilei in 1609.[8] By January 1610, he had sighted the four massive Galilean moons with his 20× magnification telescope, and he published his results in March 1610.[9]

Simon Marius had independently discovered the moons one day after Galileo, although he did not publish his book on the subject until 1614. Even so, the names Marius assigned are used today: Ganymede; Callisto; Io; and Europa.[10] No additional satellites were discovered until E. E. Barnard observed Amalthea in 1892.[11]

With the aid of telescopic photography, further discoveries followed quickly over the course of the 20th century. Himalia was discovered in 1904,[12] Elara in 1905,[13] Pasiphae in 1908,[14] Sinope in 1914,[15] Lysithea and Carme in 1938,[16] Ananke in 1951,[17] and Leda in 1974.[18] By the time that the Voyager space probes reached Jupiter, around 1979, 13 moons had been discovered, not including Themisto, which had been observed in 1975,[19] but was lost until 2000 due to insufficient initial observation data. The Voyager spacecraft discovered an additional three inner moons in 1979: Metis; Adrastea; and Thebe.[20]

No additional moons were discovered for two decades, but between October 1999 and February 2003, researchers found another 34 moons using sensitive ground-based detectors.[21] These are tiny moons, in long, eccentric, generally retrograde orbits, and averaging 3 km (1.9 mi) in diameter, with the largest being just 9 km (5.6 mi) across. All of these moons are thought to have been captured asteroidal or perhaps comet bodies, possibly fragmented into several pieces.[22][23]

By 2015, a total of 15 additional moons were discovered.[23] Two more were discovered in 2016 by the team led by Scott S. Sheppard at the Carnegie Institution for Science, bringing the total to 69.[24] On 17 July 2018, the International Astronomical Union confirmed that Sheppard's team had discovered ten more moons around Jupiter, bringing the total number to 79.[2] Among these is Valetudo, which has a prograde orbit, but crosses paths with several moons that have retrograde orbits, making an eventual collision—at some point on a billions-of-years timescale—likely.[2]

In September 2020, researchers from the University of British Columbia identified 45 candidate moons from an analysis of archival images taken in 2010 by the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope.[25] These candidates were mainly small and faint, down to a magnitude of 25.7 or over 800 m (0.50 mi) in diameter. From the number of candidate moons detected within a sky area of one square degree, the team extrapolated that the population of retrograde Jovian moons brighter than magnitude 25.7 is around 600, within a factor of 2.[26] Although the team considers their characterised candidates to be likely moons of Jupiter, they all remain unconfirmed due to their insufficient observation data for determining reliable orbits for each of them.[25]

Naming
Main article: Naming of moons
Galilean moons around Jupiter   Jupiter ·   Io ·   Europa ·   Ganymede ·   Callisto
Orbits of Jupiter's inner moons within its rings

The Galilean moons of Jupiter (Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto) were named by Simon Marius soon after their discovery in 1610.[27] However, these names fell out of favor until the 20th century. The astronomical literature instead simply referred to "Jupiter I", "Jupiter II", etc., or "the first satellite of Jupiter", "Jupiter's second satellite", and so on.[27] The names Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto became popular in the mid-20th century,[28] whereas the rest of the moons remained unnamed and were usually numbered in Roman numerals V (5) to XII (12).[29][30] Jupiter V was discovered in 1892 and given the name Amalthea by a popular though unofficial convention, a name first used by French astronomer Camille Flammarion.[21][31]

The other moons were simply labeled by their Roman numeral (e.g. Jupiter IX) in the majority of astronomical literature until the 1970s.[32] In 1975, the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Task Group for Outer Solar System Nomenclature granted names to satellites V–XIII,[33] and provided for a formal naming process for future satellites still to be discovered.[33] The practice was to name newly discovered moons of Jupiter after lovers and favorites of the god Jupiter (Zeus) and, since 2004, also after their descendants.[21] All of Jupiter's satellites from XXXIV (Euporie) onward are named after descendants of Jupiter or Zeus,[21] except LIII (Dia), named after a lover of Jupiter. Names ending with "a" or "o" are used for prograde irregular satellites (the latter for highly inclined satellites), and names ending with "e" are used for retrograde irregulars.[34] With the discovery of smaller, kilometre-sized moons around Jupiter, the IAU has established an additional convention to limit the naming of small moons with absolute magnitudes greater than 18 or diameters smaller than 1 km (0.62 mi).[35] Some of the most recently confirmed moons have not received names.

Some asteroids share the same names as moons of Jupiter: 9 Metis, 38 Leda, 52 Europa, 85 Io, 113 Amalthea, 239 Adrastea. Two more asteroids previously shared the names of Jovian moons until spelling differences were made permanent by the IAU: Ganymede and asteroid 1036 Ganymed; and Callisto and asteroid 204 Kallisto.

Groups
The orbits of Jupiter's irregular satellites, and how they cluster into groups: by semi-major axis (the horizontal axis in Gm); by orbital inclination (the vertical axis); and orbital eccentricity (the yellow lines). The relative sizes are indicated by the circles.

Regular satellites

These have prograde and nearly circular orbits of low inclination and are split into two groups:

  • Inner satellites or Amalthea group: Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea, and Thebe. These orbit very close to Jupiter; the innermost two orbit in less than a Jovian day. The latter two are respectively the fifth and seventh largest moons in the Jovian system. Observations suggest that at least the largest member, Amalthea, did not form on its present orbit, but farther from the planet, or that it is a captured Solar System body.[36] These moons, along with a number of seen and as-yet-unseen inner moonlets (see Amalthea moonlets), replenish and maintain Jupiter's faint ring system. Metis and Adrastea help to maintain Jupiter's main ring, whereas Amalthea and Thebe each maintain their own faint outer rings.[37][38]
  • Main group or Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. They are some of the largest objects in the Solar System outside the Sun and the eight planets in terms of mass and are larger than any known dwarf planet. Ganymede exceeds even the planet Mercury in diameter, though is less massive. They are respectively the fourth-, sixth-, first-, and third-largest natural satellites in the Solar System, containing approximately 99.997% of the total mass in orbit around Jupiter, while Jupiter is almost 5,000 times more massive than the Galilean moons.[note 2] The inner moons are in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance. Models suggest that they formed by slow accretion in the low-density Jovian subnebula—a disc of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation—which lasted up to 10 million years in the case of Callisto.[39] Several are suspected of having subsurface oceans.

Irregular satellites
Orbits and positions of Jupiter's irregular moons as of 1 January 2021. Prograde orbits are colored blue while retrograde orbits are colored red.
Main article: Irregular satellite

The irregular satellites are substantially smaller objects with more distant and eccentric orbits. They form families with shared similarities in orbit (semi-major axis, inclination, eccentricity) and composition; it is believed that these are at least partially collisional families that were created when larger (but still small) parent bodies were shattered by impacts from asteroids captured by Jupiter's gravitational field. These families bear the names of their largest members. The identification of satellite families is tentative, but the following are typically listed:[1][40][41]

  • Prograde satellites:
    • Themisto is the innermost irregular moon and is not part of a known family.[1][40]
    • The Himalia group is spread over barely 1.4 Gm in semi-major axes, 1.6° in inclination (27.5 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.11 and 0.25. It has been suggested that the group could be a remnant of the break-up of an asteroid from the asteroid belt.[40]
    • Carpo is another prograde moon and is not part of a known family. It has the highest inclination of all of the prograde moons.[1]
    • Valetudo is the outermost prograde moon and is not part of a known family. Its prograde orbit crosses paths with several moons that have retrograde orbits and may in the future collide with them.[2]
  • Retrograde satellites: inclinations (°) vs. eccentricities, with Carme's (orange) and Ananke's (yellow) groups identified. Data as of 2009.
    Retrograde satellites:
    • The Carme group is spread over only 1.2 Gm in semi-major axis, 1.6° in inclination (165.7 ± 0.8°), and eccentricities between 0.23 and 0.27. It is very homogeneous in color (light red) and is believed to have originated from a D-type asteroid progenitor, possibly a Jupiter trojan.[22]
    • The Ananke group has a relatively wider spread than the previous groups, over 2.4 Gm in semi-major axis, 8.1° in inclination (between 145.7° and 154.8°), and eccentricities between 0.02 and 0.28. Most of the members appear gray, and are believed to have formed from the breakup of a captured asteroid.[22]
    • The Pasiphae group is quite dispersed, with a spread over 1.3 Gm, inclinations between 144.5° and 158.3°, and eccentricities between 0.25 and 0.43.[22] The colors also vary significantly, from red to grey, which might be the result of multiple collisions. Sinope, sometimes included in the Pasiphae group,[22] is red and, given the difference in inclination, it could have been captured independently;[40] Pasiphae and Sinope are also trapped in secular resonances with Jupiter.[42]

List

The moons of Jupiter are listed below by orbital period. Moons massive enough for their surfaces to have collapsed into a spheroid are highlighted in bold. These are the four Galilean moons, which are comparable in size to the Moon. The other moons are much smaller, with the least massive Galilean moon being more than 7000 times more massive than the most massive of the other moons. The irregular captured moons are shaded light gray when prograde and dark gray when retrograde. The orbits and mean distances of the irregular moons are strongly variable over short timescales due to frequent planetary and solar perturbations,[43] therefore the orbit epochs of all irregular moons are based on the same Julian date of 2459200.5, or 17 December 2020.[44] As of 2021, S/2003 J 10 is the only moon of Jupiter considered lost due to its uncertain orbit.[45] A number of other moons have only been observed for a year or two, but have decent enough orbits to be easily measurable at present.[43]

Key
♠
Galilean moons		 †
Prograde irregular moons		 ‡
Retrograde moons
Order
[note 3]		 Label
[note 4]		 Name
 Pronunciation Image Abs.
magn.		 Diameter (km)[note 5] Mass
(×1016 kg)		 Semi-major axis
(km)[46]		 Orbital period (d)
[46][note 6]		 Inclination
(°)[46]		 Eccentricity
[1]		 Discovery
year[21]		 Discoverer[21] Group
[note 7]
1XVIMetis/ˈmiːtɪs/
10.543
(60 × 40 × 34)		≈ 3.6128852+0.2988
(+7h 10m 16s)		2.2260.00771979Synnott
(Voyager 1)		Inner
2XVAdrastea/ædrəˈstiːə/
12.016.4
(20 × 16 × 14)		≈ 0.2129000+0.3023
(+7h 15m 21s)		2.2170.00631979Jewitt
(Voyager 2)		Inner
3VAmalthea/æməlˈθiːə/[47]
7.1167
(250 × 146 × 128)		208181366+0.5012
(+12h 01m 46s)		2.5650.00751892BarnardInner
4XIVThebe/ˈθiːbiː/
9.098.6
(116 × 98 × 84)		≈ 43222452+0.6778
(+16h 16m 02s)		2.9090.01801979Synnott
(Voyager 1)		Inner
5IIo♠/ˈaɪoʊ/
−1.73643.2
(3660 × 3637 × 3631)		8931900421700+1.76910.050[48]0.00411610GalileiGalilean
6IIEuropa♠/jʊəˈroʊpə/[49]
−1.43121.64800000671034+3.55120.471[48]0.00941610GalileiGalilean
7IIIGanymede♠/ˈɡænɪmiːd/[50][51]
−2.15262.4148190001070412+7.15460.204[48]0.00111610GalileiGalilean
8IVCallisto♠/kəˈlɪstoʊ/
−1.24820.6107590001882709+16.6890.205[48]0.00741610GalileiGalilean
9XVIIIThemisto†/θɪˈmɪstoʊ/
12.99≈ 0.0697405000+130.1844.5900.25141975/2000Kowal & Roemer/
Sheppard et al.		Themisto
10XIIILeda†/ˈliːdə/
12.721.5≈ 0.611196000+242.0227.6410.16481974KowalHimalia
11LXXIErsa†/ˈɜːrsə/15.93≈ 0.004511348700+246.9931.0280.10432018Sheppard et al.Himalia
12LXVPandia†/pænˈdaɪə/16.23≈ 0.004511462300+250.7127.0230.20842017Sheppard et al.Himalia
13VIHimalia†/hɪˈmeɪliə/
7.9139.6
(150 × 120)		42011497400+251.8630.2140.15101904PerrineHimalia
14XLysithea†/laɪˈsɪθiə/
11.242.2≈ 6.311628300+256.1727.0150.13771938NicholsonHimalia
15VIIElara†/ˈɛlərə/
9.679.9≈ 8711671600+257.6030.2160.20791905PerrineHimalia
16LIIIDia†/ˈdaɪə/
16.34≈ 0.00912304900+278.8527.4810.26062000Sheppard et al.Himalia
17XLVICarpo†/ˈkɑːrpoʊ/
16.13≈ 0.004517151800+458.9050.1380.49672003Sheppard et al.Carpo
18LXIIValetudo†/vælɪˈtjuːdoʊ/
16.91≈ 0.0001518818600+527.4032.0350.20192016Sheppard et al.Valetudo
19XXXIVEuporie‡/ˈjuːpəriː/
16.32≈ 0.001519593900−560.32147.8510.14022001Sheppard et al.Ananke
20LXEupheme‡/juːˈfiːmiː/16.62≈ 0.001520126300−583.31150.0420.41042003Sheppard et al.Ananke
21LVS/2003 J 18‡
16.52≈ 0.001520348800−593.01142.7830.04652003Gladman et al.Ananke
22LIIS/2010 J 2‡
17.31≈ 0.0001520436700−596.86148.6970.34032010VeilletAnanke
23XLVHelike‡/ˈhɛlɪkiː/16.04≈ 0.00920479500−598.74155.0670.13312003Sheppard et al.Ananke
24 S/2003 J 16‡
16.32≈ 0.001520512500−600.18151.1630.33312003Gladman et al.Ananke
25 S/2003 J 2‡
16.72≈ 0.001520554400−602.02149.2040.27772003Sheppard et al.Ananke
26XXXIIIEuanthe‡/juːˈænθiː/
16.43≈ 0.004520583300−603.29146.8080.10962001Sheppard et al.Ananke
27LXVIIIS/2017 J 7‡16.62≈ 0.001520600100−604.03146.7390.26262017Sheppard et al.Ananke
28XXXHermippe‡/hərˈmɪpiː/
15.64≈ 0.00920666200−606.94146.7530.19812001Sheppard et al.Ananke
29XXVIIPraxidike‡/prækˈsɪdɪkiː/
14.97≈ 0.04320682900−607.68149.6920.29592000Sheppard et al.Ananke
30XXIXThyone‡/θaɪˈoʊniː/
15.84≈ 0.00920712800−609.00147.3280.17702001Sheppard et al.Ananke
31XLIIThelxinoe‡/θɛlkˈsɪnoʊiː/16.32≈ 0.001520893300−616.97146.9160.17092003Sheppard et al.Ananke
32LXIVS/2017 J 3‡16.52≈ 0.001520976900−620.68147.9680.19072017Sheppard et al.Ananke
33XIIAnanke‡/əˈnæŋkiː/
11.729.1≈ 3.021042500−623.59148.6750.17471951NicholsonAnanke
34XLMneme‡/ˈniːmiː/
16.32≈ 0.001521064100−624.55151.0870.34282003Gladman et al.Ananke
35LIVS/2016 J 1‡16.81≈ 0.0001521154000−628.56143.8240.12942016Sheppard et al.Ananke
36XXXVOrthosie‡/ɔːrˈθoʊziː/
16.72≈ 0.001521171000−629.31148.4880.48382001Sheppard et al.Ananke
37XXIIHarpalyke‡/hɑːrˈpælɪkiː/
15.94≈ 0.00921280200−634.19148.2980.16022000Sheppard et al.Ananke
38XXIVIocaste‡/aɪəˈkæstiː/
15.45≈ 0.01921431800−640.98149.4240.32952000Sheppard et al.Ananke
39LXXS/2017 J 9‡16.13≈ 0.004521492900−643.72155.7750.25242017Sheppard et al.Ananke
40 S/2003 J 12‡
17.01≈ 0.0001521557700−646.64154.6900.36572003Sheppard et al.Ananke
41 S/2003 J 4‡
16.72≈ 0.001522048600−668.85149.4010.49672003Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
42XXVErinome‡/ɛˈrɪnəmiː/ (?)
16.03≈ 0.004522354300−682.80164.8210.20522000Sheppard et al.Carme
43XXXIAitne‡/ˈeɪtniː/
16.03≈ 0.004522386500−684.28166.2380.31502001Sheppard et al.Carme
44LHerse‡/ˈhɜːrsiː/16.52≈ 0.001522408800−685.30164.3470.18542003Gladman et al.Carme
45XXTaygete‡/teɪˈɪdʒɪtiː/
15.55≈ 0.01622433500−686.44163.2610.32572000Sheppard et al.Carme
46LXIIIS/2017 J 2‡16.42≈ 0.001522472900−688.25165.6760.38522017Sheppard et al.Carme
47LXVIIS/2017 J 6‡16.42≈ 0.001522543800−691.51155.1850.32262017Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
48XLVIIEukelade‡/juːˈkɛlədiː/15.94≈ 0.00922576700−693.02163.8220.27902003Sheppard et al.Carme
49XICarme‡/ˈkɑːrmiː/
10.646.7≈ 1322579900−693.17163.5350.22951938NicholsonCarme
50LXIS/2003 J 19‡16.62≈ 0.001522752500−701.13167.7380.29282003Gladman et al.Carme
51XXVIIsonoe‡/aɪˈsɒnoʊiː/
16.04≈ 0.00922776700−702.25162.8340.21592000Sheppard et al.Carme
52XXVIIIAutonoe‡/ɔːˈtɒnoʊiː/
15.54≈ 0.00922933400−709.51148.1450.42902001Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
53LVIIIPhilophrosyne‡/fɪləˈfrɒzɪniː/16.72≈ 0.001522939900−709.81147.9000.30132003Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
54XLVIIICyllene‡/sɪˈliːniː/16.32≈ 0.001522965200−710.99150.0470.60792003Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
55XXXVIIIPasithee‡/ˈpæsɪθiː/
16.82≈ 0.001522967800−711.11164.7270.20972001Sheppard et al.Carme
56LIS/2010 J 1‡
16.42≈ 0.001522986900−712.00164.5590.29372010Jacobson et al.Carme
57(lost)S/2003 J 10‡
16.72≈ 0.001523008000−713.05163.5390.21332003Sheppard et al.Carme?
58VIIIPasiphae‡/pəˈsɪfeɪiː/
10.157.8≈ 3023119300−718.16151.9980.43621908MelottePasiphae
59XXXVISponde‡/ˈspɒndiː/
16.72≈ 0.001523146500−719.42144.5630.34552001Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
60LXIXS/2017 J 8‡
17.01≈ 0.0001523173700−720.69166.0710.20392017Sheppard et al.Carme
61XXXIIEurydome‡/jʊəˈrɪdəmiː/
16.23≈ 0.004523214500−722.59150.2890.29752001Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
62LXVIS/2017 J 5‡16.52≈ 0.001523352500−729.05166.5550.24602017Sheppard et al.Carme
63XXIIIKalyke‡/ˈkælɪkiː/
15.46.9≈ 0.0423377400−730.21166.8990.26602000Sheppard et al.Carme
64XXXIXHegemone‡/hɪˈdʒɛməniː/15.93≈ 0.004523422300−732.32154.6750.33582003Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
65XXXVIIKale‡/ˈkeɪliː/
16.42≈ 0.001523512200−736.54166.1770.28932001Sheppard et al.Carme
66XLIVKallichore‡/kəˈlɪkəriː/16.42≈ 0.001523552900−738.45167.7270.31832003Sheppard et al.Carme
67LXXIIS/2011 J 1‡16.72≈ 0.001523714400−746.06164.7990.31932011Sheppard et al.Carme
68LIXS/2017 J 1‡
16.62≈ 0.001523753600−747.91147.2530.45002017Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
69XXIChaldene‡/kælˈdiːniː/
16.04≈ 0.00923848300−752.39162.7490.27052000Sheppard et al.Carme
70XLIIIArche‡/ˈɑːrkiː/
16.23≈ 0.004523926500−756.09166.4080.23672002Sheppard et al.Carme
71LVIIEirene‡/aɪˈriːniː/15.84≈ 0.00923934500−756.47162.7130.24132003Sheppard et al.Carme
72XLIXKore‡/ˈkɔːriː/16.62≈ 0.001523999700−759.56136.6280.23472003Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
73LVIS/2011 J 2‡16.81≈ 0.0001524114700−765.03152.1250.17292011Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
74 S/2003 J 9‡
16.91≈ 0.0001524168700−767.60166.3340.17022003Sheppard et al.Carme
75XIXMegaclite‡/ˌmɛɡəˈklaɪtiː/
15.05≈ 0.02124212300−769.68145.5740.31392000Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
76XLIAoede‡/eɪˈiːdiː/15.64≈ 0.00924283000−773.05151.9080.31312003Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
77 S/2003 J 23‡
16.62≈ 0.001524678200−792.00146.1550.32082003Sheppard et al.Pasiphae
78XVIICallirrhoe‡/kəˈlɪroʊiː/
13.99.6≈ 0.08724692400−792.69149.7920.35621999Scotti et al.Pasiphae
79IXSinope‡/sɪˈnoʊpiː/
11.135≈ 7.524864100−800.97158.5970.16691914NicholsonPasiphae

Exploration
Main articles: Exploration of Jupiter, Ganymede (moon) § Exploration, Europa (moon) § Exploration, Callisto (moon) § Exploration, and Io (moon) § Observational history
The orbit and motion of the Galilean moons around Jupiter, as captured by JunoCam aboard the Juno spacecraft.

The first spacecraft to visit Jupiter were Pioneer 10 in 1973, and Pioneer 11 a year later, taking low-resolution images of the four Galilean moons and returning data on their atmospheres and radiation belts.[52] The Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes visited Jupiter in 1979, discovering the volcanic activity on Io and the presence of water ice on the surface of Europa. The Cassini probe to Saturn flew by Jupiter in 2000 and collected data on interactions of the Galilean moons with Jupiter's extended atmosphere. The New Horizons spacecraft flew by Jupiter in 2007 and made improved measurements of its satellites' orbital parameters.

The Galileo spacecraft was the first to enter orbit around Jupiter, arriving in 1995 and studying it until 2003. During this period, Galileo gathered a large amount of information about the Jovian system, making close approaches to all of the Galilean moons and finding evidence for thin atmospheres on three of them, as well as the possibility of liquid water beneath the surfaces of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. It also discovered a magnetic field around Ganymede.

In 2016, the Juno spacecraft imaged the Galilean moons from above their orbital plane as it approached Jupiter orbit insertion, creating a time-lapse movie of their motion.[53]

See also

Notes
  1. For comparison, the area of a sphere with diameter 250 km is about the area of Senegal and comparable to the area of Belarus, Syria and Uruguay. The area of a sphere with a diameter of 5 km is about the area of Guernsey and somewhat more than the area of San Marino. (But note that these smaller moons are not spherical.)
  2. Jupiter Mass of 1.8986 × 1027 kg / Mass of Galilean moons 3.93 × 1023 kg = 4,828
  3. Order refers to the position among other moons with respect to their average distance from Jupiter.
  4. Label refers to the Roman numeral attributed to each moon in order of their naming.
  5. Diameters with multiple entries such as "60 × 40 × 34" reflect that the body is not a perfect spheroid and that each of its dimensions has been measured well enough.
  6. Periods with negative values are retrograde.
  7. "?" refers to group assignments that are not considered sure yet.

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