Musical anhedonia

Case studies of musical anhedonia and its symptoms date from 1993.

The term "musical anhedonia" was first used in 2011. It was originally used to describe the selective loss in emotional responses to music following damage to the brain. It has now come to mean, more generally, a selective lack of pleasurable responses to music in individuals with or without brain damage. This has led to the recognition of two different types of musical anhedonia.

The first type, known as "musical anhedonia without brain damage", manifests itself in individuals that do not present any neurological damage. Its incidence in the general population is low: between 5% and 10%. The second type is known as "acquired musical anhedonia". It is this form that develops as a result of brain damage. The incidence of this second form is even lower, and most studies of it focus on individual cases.[5]

A 2014 study correlated participants' reported enjoyment of music with neurological activity, as measured by Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It found that those who reported stronger emotional reactions to music had greater neurological activity linking the auditory cortex and mesolimbic pathway of the brain. This suggests that specific musical anhedonia exists as a discrete neurological condition, rather than a symptom of general anhedonia.[6]

Another study, conducted by Thenille Braun Janzen and others, examined music-based intervention when treating depression and anhedonia. Twenty-nine participants, referred from hospitals and clinics, went through a baseline visit seven days before the intervention. They then listened to music associated with "rhythmic sensory stimulation". The results showed a change in patients with anhedonia after the 5-week intervention. The researchers concluded that music intervention could possibly alleviate depression and "anhedonia-specific dysfunction."[7]

Music is often considered to be a universal language, and individuals with musical anhedonia may find it difficult to understand why they do not gain pleasure from it. Two core societal benefits have emerged from the new empirical research into the condition: it has helped people with the condition to better understand why they have it; and it has helped to demonstrate to the rest of the population that it is a genuine condition that impacts on the lives of many people.[2]

At Northeastern University, professors Psyche Loui and Ajay Satpute investigated whether the correlation between music and the brain can impair "social bonding". They could link similar images of the brain of an autistic person with the images of the brain of person with musical anhedonia.[3]

• Absolute pitch, the human ability to name a musical note when played or sung (less common than relative pitch)
• Amusia
• Auditory agnosia
• Neuroscience of music
• Relative pitch, the human ability to accurately distinguish pitch intervals (more common than absolute pitch)
• Synesthesia
• Tonal memory
• Parietal lobe