Musicians' Union (United Kingdom)

During the World War I membership rose from 8,608 in 1914 to 14,649 in 1918.[3] Williams called off the disputes and strike action that branches were to take part in, Williams spoke with the management of halls and theatres in the hope of keeping the establishments open he agreed that every Union member would take a pay cut to try and keep the buildings open during the war.[3] There was a rise in people wishing to be entertained during the War, which meant that though there was a number of turnover during the War there was still enough musicians to fill the numbers needed.[3] This was partly due to musicians, like women, amateurs and foreigners being allowed to fill spots that they would not typically have been able to apply for.[3]

In 1921 the Musicians Union was formed when the Amalgamated Musicians' Union merged with the National Orchestra Union of Professional Musicians (NOUPM).[3][4] Williams resigned from the Union in 1924, after he announced partial retirement in 1923 due to his wife's and his own ill health.[3] E. S. Teale took over from Williams for the next six years; however, Teale's health meant that the Assistant General Secretary, Fred Dambman had to step in towards the end of Teale's time with the Union to complete the tasks that Teale was unable to.[3]

Musicians had to find ways to adapt as jobs became more varied and they often had to learn new instruments and be flexible in order to keep their employment.[3] This was partly due to the start of the British Broadcasting Company, many musicians gained employment with the organization, and the BBC became the first employer to offer their musicians a year-long contract with fixed hours, holiday allowance and a salary.[3] The BBC had a significant number of orchestras, these were broken down either by their location, or their style and were highly coveted positions in the music industry.[3]

The transition from silent films to 'talkies' meant that fewer musicians were employed at cinemas as sound was now pre-recorded.[3] The Jazz Singer was the first of the talkies, and was first screened in the USA in 1927; by 1929 Fox had stopped making silent films and the rest of industry soon followed.[3] There was a decline in membership to the Union as many musicians became unemployed due to the rise of the 'talkies'.[3] The American Federation of Musicians (AFM) was also put under pressure with 50,000 members being put out of work by 1928.[3]

The Musical Performers' Protection Association (MPPA) was formed in 1928 by the MU; this was to fight against the reproduction of member's work due to the advancement in technology which allowed for the recording of musicians work.[3] There was no fee to join, and by June 1929 the Association had over 5,000 members.[3] It was short lived as it could not fight against the rise of popularity in the 'talkies', the Association realised this and chose instead to focus its energy on the rise in popularity in using recordings on the radio and in public places.[3]

The Union did not want to follow Williams footsteps in World War I and bargain for lesser wages for musicians, instead they hoped that the same pattern would repeat itself and that the music rise would see an increase in employment due to some musicians joining up.[3] Membership rose to over 12,000 by 1945, this number had not been seen since 1931.[3]

Fred Dambman had become General Secretary after E.S Teale in 1931, before taking on this role Dambman had been the Assistant General Secretary.[3] He was to retire in 1945, but the MU asked for him to stay in the post which he did until the vote for the new General Secretary in February 1948.[3] Hardie Ratcliffe won the election by over one thousand, with his only opponent for the role being Bettram Newton Brooke.[3]

Ratcliffe was determined to fight against the use of recording in dance halls unless the establishments paid the musicians for their contribution.[3] This was partly achievable through the Union's partnership with the help of Phonographic Performance Limited (PPL) which had been established in 1934.[3]

The popularity of records meant that live bands did not draw in the crowds that they once did, music halls were better to turn on the records rather than pay for a band.[3] A the start of the 1970s the BBC was looking to reduce the size and the number orchestra which came as a blow to the MU.[3] The Union asked the Government to get involved, and Ratcliffe was relieved that the Government was willing to help on this occasion, the BBC agreed not to fire large parts of the orchestra, however, from this year onwards they discussed the closing of all the orchestras.[3]

The launch of Top of the Pops meant that viewers were watching live music but they were paying nothing towards the artist performing, the Union enforced a ban which meant that the artists had to mime along to the song.[3] This ban was enforceable since 1966.[3]

Ratcliffe lobbied the Government to push forward the copyright legislation; however, the legislation was not enshrined by law until 1996.[3] In 1970 Ratcliffe discussed his plans to retire, the election for the position was between three individuals of which John Morton won.[3]

John Morton had been with the Union for years and had held a number of positions with the organisation, he was excited to take on the role due to so many of the previous members of the Committee retiring around the same time, this allowed fresh blood to guide the Union.[3]

The BBC had been assessing their need for a twelve piece orchestra and the expense in having them, by 1976 they employed 589 musicians.[3] In the early 1980s the BBC were forced to make cuts due to the deficit of their income because licensing fess had not kept up with inflation.[3] Five of the BBC's orchestras were to be disbanded due to the cuts, which equated to 153 full-time and 19 part-time jobs, this was a blow to the Union who wanted the members to strike.[3] The Union decided to strike the BBC, in the seventh week they negotiated their terms.[3]

Morton retired in 1989, his successor was Dennis Scard.[3]

When Dennis Scard came into the role with the Union, he saw that there was an issue with the competition of foreign orchestras taking the jobs as they would accept less wages which promoters were eager to exploit.[3] Scard and other members negotiated with the BBC regarding those that they contracted for work in one of their orchestras.[3]

In 1990 the Union had over 40,000 members.[3] Scard concern had been to work on the internal workings of the organisation during his time as General Secretary.[3] He was re-elected unopposed in 1994 and 1999, but this was questioned, and the election was held again in 2000 with Derek Kay opposing Scard.[3]

Kay was receiving a lot of support, but Scard had not told anyone that he had been diagnosed with cancer, which meant he had had an operation and was undergoing radiotherapy during the campaign.[3] Kay won the election by just eight votes, the next day Scard put in six complaints against Scard to the London District Disciplinary Committee which set off two years of legal battles between Kay and the Union.[3] These legal battles tarnished the Unions reputation in the press, Kay was given some compensation for his legal fees, and the position had to go to election once more.[3]

John F. Smith won the election for the role of General Secretary in the 2002 election; he prompted a fight for reform against the Licensing Act 2003 as the Union believed that it had detrimental effects on musicians wanting to play in bars and pubs.[3] The fight against reform may have taken many years, but in 2012 the Live Music Act mean that amplified gigs of under 200 did not need a licence and unamplified gigs did not have a cap.[3]

In 2013, membership was over 30,000 and the Unions main expenditure was still staff wages.[3] 2012 had seen the launch of the Work Not Play campaign to help raise awareness of all the musicians that are asked to play for free.[3]