Myliobatiformes

Myliobatiformes
	Short-tail stingray, Dasyatis brevicaudata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Superorder:	Batoidea
Order:	Myliobatiformes; Compagno, 1973
Suborders
	Platyrhinoidei; Zanobatoidei [lower-alpha 1]; Myliobatoidei; See text for families.

Myliobatiformes /mɪliˈɒbətɪfɔːrmiːz/ is one of the four orders of batoids, cartilaginous fishes related to sharks.[4][5] They were formerly included in the order Rajiformes, but more recent phylogenetic studies have shown the myliobatiforms to be a monophyletic group, and its more derived members evolved their highly flattened shapes independently of the skates.[6][7]

Camouflaged round ribbontail ray

Classification

Nelson's Fishes of the World arranges the Myliobatiformes as:[8][9]

Suborder Platyrhinoidei
- Family Platyrhinidae (thornbacks)
Suborder Zanobatoidei [lower-alpha 1]
- Family Zanobatidae (panrays)
Suborder Myliobatoidei (stingrays)
- Superfamily Hexatrygonoidea
  - Family Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray)
- Superfamily Urolophoidea
  - Family Plesiobatidae (deepwater stingray)
  - Family Urolophidae (round stingrays)
- Superfamily Urotrygonoidea
  - Family Urotrygonidae (American round stingrays)
- Superfamily Dasyatoidea
  - Family Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays)
  - Family Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays)
  - Family Gymnuridae (butterfly rays)
  - Family Myliobatidae (eagle rays)
    - Subfamily Myliobatinae (eagle rays)
    - Subfamily Mobulinae (manta rays, devil rays)[lower-alpha 2]
    - Subfamily Rhinopterinae (cownose rays)[lower-alpha 2]

Genetic evidence now places Zanobatidae in Rhinopristiformes[1][2] or as sister taxon to Rhinopristiformes.[3]
Recognised as family by some authorities[10]

The family Aetobatidae is recognised by some authorities. It contains the for the genus Aetobatus, which is otherwise part of Myliobatinae. [11][10]

References

Naylor, G.J.P.; Caira, J.N.; Jensen, K.; Rosana, K.A.M.; Straube, N.; Lakner, C. (2012). "Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species". In Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.). Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (2 ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 31–56.
Aschliman; Nishida; Miya; Inoue; Rosana; Naylord (2012). "Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012. PMID 22209858.
Last, P.R.; Séret, B.; Naylor, G.J.P. (2016). "A new species of guitarfish, Rhinobatos borneensis sp. nov. with a redefinition of the family-level classification in the order Rhinopristiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Zootaxa. 4117 (4): 451–475. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4117.4.1. PMID 27395187.
Froese, R.; Pauly, D. "Myliobatiformes". WoRMS. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
"Order Summary for Myliobatiformes". FishBase. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (fourth ed.). John Wiley. pp. 69–82. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
Martin, R. Aidan. "Myliobatiformes: Stingrays". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World (4 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). "Division Batomorphi—rays". Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 80–95. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Naylor, GJP; Yang, L; Corrigan, S; de Carvalho, MR (2016). "Phylogeny and Classification of Rays". In Last, Peter; Naylor, Gavin; Séret, Bernard; White, William; de Carvalho, Marcelo; Stehmann, Matthias (eds.). Rays of the World. Csiro Publishing. pp. 10–15. ISBN 9780643109148.
White, William T.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2016). "Resurrection of the family Aetobatidae (Myliobatiformes) for the pelagic eagle rays, genus Aetobatus". Zootaxa. 4139 (3): 435. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.10. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27470816.

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[Zanobatoidei-4] Genetic evidence now places Zanobatidae in Rhinopristiformes[1][2] or as sister taxon to Rhinopristiformes.[3]

[family-12] Recognised as family by some authorities[10]

[Naylor-2012-1] Naylor, G.J.P.; Caira, J.N.; Jensen, K.; Rosana, K.A.M.; Straube, N.; Lakner, C. (2012). "Elasmobranch Phylogeny: A Mitochondrial Estimate Based on 595 Species". In Carrier, J.C.; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (eds.). Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives (2 ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. pp. 31–56.

[Aschliman-2012-2] Aschliman; Nishida; Miya; Inoue; Rosana; Naylord (2012). "Body plan convergence in the evolution of skates and rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.012. PMID 22209858.

[3] Last, P.R.; Séret, B.; Naylor, G.J.P. (2016). "A new species of guitarfish, Rhinobatos borneensis sp. nov. with a redefinition of the family-level classification in the order Rhinopristiformes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". Zootaxa. 4117 (4): 451–475. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4117.4.1. PMID 27395187.

[5] Froese, R.; Pauly, D. "Myliobatiformes". WoRMS. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

[6] "Order Summary for Myliobatiformes". FishBase. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

[nelson-7] Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World (fourth ed.). John Wiley. pp. 69–82. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.

[8] Martin, R. Aidan. "Myliobatiformes: Stingrays". ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved 4 May 2018.

[Nelson-2006-9] Nelson, J. S. (2006). Fishes of the World (4 ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.

[NGW-2016-10] Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). "Division Batomorphi—rays". Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 80–95. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.

[RaysOfWorld-11] Naylor, GJP; Yang, L; Corrigan, S; de Carvalho, MR (2016). "Phylogeny and Classification of Rays". In Last, Peter; Naylor, Gavin; Séret, Bernard; White, William; de Carvalho, Marcelo; Stehmann, Matthias (eds.). Rays of the World. Csiro Publishing. pp. 10–15. ISBN 9780643109148.

[WhiteNaylor2016-13] White, William T.; Naylor, Gavin J.P. (2016). "Resurrection of the family Aetobatidae (Myliobatiformes) for the pelagic eagle rays, genus Aetobatus". Zootaxa. 4139 (3): 435. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4139.3.10. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27470816.