Neera

Neera is rich in carbohydrates, highly alcoholic mostly sucrose, and has a nearly neutral pH.[2] It has a specific gravity ranging from 1.058 to 1.077. The chemical percentage composition of neera varies, depending on such factors as place, type of palm, mode and season of collection. Typical values are:[3]

Neera is highly susceptible to natural fermentation at ambient temperature within a few hours of extraction from the palm source. Once fermented, it transforms into toddy with 4% alcohol.

Using several technologies developed by various research institutes, neera is processed and preserved in its natural form to retain the vitamins, sugar, and other nutrients beneficial for health. To extend the shelf life of neera, heat preservation techniques such as pasteurization are used.[3]

A team of experts from SCMS Institute of BioSciences and Biotechnology, Cochin, India have successfully developed filtration and preservation techniques for neera and collaborated with Coconut Development Board to commercialize the drink among the public.[4]

A special filtration technique to enhance the shelf life of neera was developed by the National Chemical Laboratory in Pune, India.[5] Technologies for the preservation and processing of neera were also developed by the Central Food Technological Research Institute in Mysore, India.[6]

Palmgur (jaggery), palm sugar, coconut nectar and neera syrup are produced by heating fresh neera and concentrating it. Caramelization turns the heated neera from milky white to transparent brown.

West Bengal and Orissa are the Indian states where most of the neera is converted into palmgur. Palmgur is also produced from neera in the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra.

In Gujarat, neera-producing societies have formed the Federation of Gujarat Neera & Tadpadarth. Gramodyog Sangh has set up a filtration plant that processes neera to increase its shelf life. The Gujarat Neera and Tadpadarth Gramodyog Sangh established in 1991 has been trying to uplift the living standard of the tapers engaged in the production of Neera. It is trying to increase the production of neera in the state by planting date palm trees, training of tapers. it is also called as palm wine in india.

• In Maharashtra and Gujarat, neera is made available through various outlets known as "Neera Vikri Kendra" (Neera sale centre). The Neera Palm Product Cooperative Society had set up small green kiosks that sold neera in major railway stations, but they are now only to be found alongside highways and expressways outside the Mumbai city area. In the above two states the neera is extracted from date palm and pulmyrah trees. In the state like Karnataka where there are abundant Coconut trees the Neera is being taped from coconut trees .[7]
• In Andhra Pradesh state, unlike other states, there is no state government sponsorship/support to promote neera or its by-products at retail outlets. Only the Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) promotes neera as a health drink.
• In Karnataka state, neera is extracted and sold by the Ediga and Billava castes. The state government constituted the Neera Board, comprising farmers, provincial government officials, and neera training institutes, to inspect and control the quality of neera and its products, give approvals to labels, and develop various schemes for selling in the international market. The Central Food Technological Research Institute developed a technology to preserve neera for two months, and the government plans to promote neera as an energy drink with medicinal value, packaged in sachets and bottles.[6]
• In Kerala, the state government, as part of Kerala Vision 2010, set up three units to manufacture neera.[8]
• In Tamil Nadu, neera which is called as "Padaneer" in Tamil, is traditionally extracted and sold which is also called as kallu. Also, KVIC and Tamil Nadu Palm Products Co-operative association sell refrigerated Padaneer at their outlets.
• In Orissa state, the state government established a cooperative organisation known as the Orissa State Palmgur Cooperative Federation to provide technological support in the processing and production of neera and its associated by-products such as jaggery and candy.
• Neera syrup is used as a drink in Ayurveda.[2]

• Palm wine
• Coconut sugar