Nisqually River

The Nisqually River /nɪˈskwɑːli/ is a river in west central Washington in the United States, approximately 81 miles (130 km) long. It drains part of the Cascade Range southeast of Tacoma, including the southern slope of Mount Rainier, and empties into the southern end of Puget Sound. Its outlet was designated in 1971 as the Nisqually Delta National Natural Landmark.

Nisqually River
Nisqually River near Ashford during a flood in 2006 that destroyed a campground in Mount Rainier National Park
Location of the mouth of the Nisqually River in Washington
Nisqually River (the United States)
Location
CountryUnited States
StateWashington
DistrictNisqually Indian Reservation, Fort Lewis
Physical characteristics
SourceNisqually Glacier
 • locationMount Rainier
 • coordinates46°47′39″N 121°44′54″W[1]
 • elevation4,809 ft (1,466 m)[2]
MouthPuget Sound
 • location
Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge
 • coordinates
47°6′31″N 122°42′11″W[1]
 • elevation
0 ft (0 m)
Length81 mi (130 km)
Basin size517 sq mi (1,340 km2)[3]
Discharge 
 • locationLa Grande, WA[4]
 • average1,460 cu ft/s (41 m3/s)[4]
 • minimum460 cu ft/s (13 m3/s)
 • maximum39,500 cu ft/s (1,120 m3/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftLittle Nisqually River
 • rightMashel River
Near its source in Mount Rainier National Park, the Nisqually River flows under a bridge of Route 706.

The Nisqually River forms the Pierce–Lewis county line, as well as the boundary between Pierce and Thurston counties.

Course

The river rises in southern Mount Rainier National Park, fed by the Nisqually Glacier on the southern side of Mt. Rainier. It flows west through Ashford and Elbe along Route 706. It is then impounded for hydroelectricity by the Alder Dam, completed in 1944, and the LaGrande Dam, completed in 1912 and rebuilt in 1945. They hold back Alder Reservoir and the inaccessible two-mile long LaGrande Reservoir. Before the construction of the dams, a natural fish barrier prevented anadromous fish from ascending the Nisqually above what is now La Grande Reservoir.[5]

Below Elbe, the river flows northwest through the foothills, passes near McKenna, Washington, and through Fort Lewis and the Nisqually Indian Reservation. The river crosses beneath Interstate 5 and into the Nisqually River Delta, which is the location of the Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge. The delta as a whole, including federal, state, and private land, was designated in 1971 as a National Natural Landmark.[6] The Nisqually enters the Nisqually Reach portion of Puget Sound approximately 15 miles (24 km) east of Olympia.

History

The Nisqually River is the traditional territorial center of the Nisqually tribe that shares its name and also lived throughout southern Puget Sound.[7] The Treaty of Medicine Creek, one of the major Northwest treaties between Washington territory and the native population of Puget Sound, was signed near a creek at the site of what is now a wildlife refuge near the delta of the river. The Nisqually were moved from the river and much of the surrounding region after the signing of the treaty, settling on a reservation on Puget Sound east of Olympia. After a period of resistance by the Nisqually tribe, including such leaders as Chief Leschi, a new reservation three times the size of the original was established on the river.

In 1917, the US Army occupied the Nisqually reservation, ordered people from their homes, and later condemned most of the reservation to build Fort Lewis.[8]

In the 1960s and 1970s, the Nisqually pursued their fishing rights along the river, which were stated in the Treaty of Medicine Creek but had been ignored. Nisqually tribal members, acting in concert with the nearby Puyallup tribe, endured harassment and arrest to fish in traditional waters. This led to the 1974 Boldt Decision, also known as, U.S. V. Washington 1974, which affirmed the rights of several native tribes in Washington to harvest up to 50% of the return of salmon run within their traditional territories.[9]

Ecology

"Nisqually-1", a specimen of Populus trichocarpa, grew on the bank of the Nisqually River. Its genome sequence was published in 2006.

Tributaries

Cities and towns on the Nisqually

See also

References
  1. United States Geological Survey; U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Nisqually River; retrieved April 20, 2007.
  2. Google Earth elevation for GNIS source coordinates. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
  3. United States Geological Survey; Nisqually River at McKenna, WA; retrieved April 20, 2007.
  4. United States Geological Survey; Nisqually River at La Grande, WA; retrieved April 20, 2007 (used instead of McKenna gage due to power canal river diversion).
  5. "Nisqually River Project". Tacoma Power. Archived from the original on 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
  6. "National Registry of Natural Landmarks" (PDF). National Natural Landmarks Program. June 2009. p. 103. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  7. "Thurston County Place Names: A Heritage Guide" (PDF). Thurston County Historical Commission. 1992. p. 57. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  8. Nisqually (tribe); Nisqually Indian Tribe - History Archived 2007-08-11 at the Wayback Machine; retrieved on May 7, 2007.
  9. George H. Boldt (1974). "The Boldt Decision" (PDF). United States District Court for the Western District of Washington, Tacoma Division. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-12-04.
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