Northern Wars
"Northern Wars" is a term used for a series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe in the 16th and 17th century. An internationally agreed nomenclature for these wars has not yet been devised.[1] While the Great Northern War is generally considered to be the last of the Northern Wars, there are different scholarly opinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War.[2]
Depending upon what date is chosen for the starting point, the Northern Wars comprise:
- The Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557), "First Northern War" according to Arvo Viljanti[2]
- The Livonian War (1558–1583), "First Northern War" according to Klaus Zernack[2]
- The Northern Seven Years' War (1562–1570), "First Northern War" according to some Polish historians[2]
- The Russo-Polish or Thirteen Years' War (1654–1667), "First Northern War" according to some Russian historians[2]
- The Second Northern War (1655–1660), "First Northern War" according to traditional Anglo-Saxon, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography[2]
- The Scanian War (1674–1679), also called "Swedish-Brandenburgian War" by German historians
- The Great Northern War (1700–1721), also "Third Northern War"[2] or "Second Northern War"[3]
See also
- War in the North (1937), a campaign in the Spanish Civil War
- Russo-Swedish Wars
- Polish–Swedish wars
- Early modern warfare
Sources
References
- Frost (2000), pp. 12–13
- Frost (2000), p. 13
- "Second Northern War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Bibliography
- Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
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