Nyctaginaceae

Nyctaginaceae, the four o'clock family, is a family of around 33 genera and 290 species of flowering plants, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few representatives in temperate regions. The family has a unique fruit type, called an "anthocarp", and many genera have extremely large (>100 µm) pollen grains.

Nyctaginaceae
Garden Four O'Clock (Mirabilis jalapa) flowers
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Nyctaginaceae
Juss.[1]
Tribes
  • Boldoeae
  • Bougainvilleeae
  • Caribeeae
  • Colignonieae
  • Leucastereae
  • Nyctagineae
  • Pisonieae
Synonyms
  • Allioniaceae Horan.
  • Bougainvilleaceae J.Agardh
  • Mirabilidaceae W.R.B.Oliv.
  • Pisoniaceae J.Agardh[2]
Bougainvillea glabra

The family has been almost universally recognized by plant taxonomists. The APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots.

A phylogenetic study by Levin has justified the combination of Selinocarpus and Ammocodon into the genus Acleisanthes. The genus Izabalea is now considered a synonym of Agonandra, a genus in Opiliaceae. A more recent study by Douglas and Manos clarified the relationships among almost all of the genera in the family and demonstrated that a substantial diversification of herbaceous genera has occurred in arid North America. Many genera of Nyctaginaceae possess unusual characters. Notable examples include sticky bands on the stems between the nodes, cleistogamous flowers (which self-pollinate without opening), or gypsophily, the ability to grow on soils with a high concentration of gypsum.

Genera
Tribe Boldoeae
  • Boldoa Cav. ex Lag.
  • Cryptocarpus Kunth
  • Salpianthus Humb. & Bonpl.[3]
Tribe Bougainvilleeae
Tribe Caribeeae
Tribe Colignonieae
Tribe Nyctagineae
  • Cuscatlania Standl.
  • Cyphomeris Standl.
  • Mirabilis L.
  • Nyctaginia Choisy
  • Okenia Schlecht. & Cham.
  • Tripterocalyx (Torr.) Hook.[7]
Tribe Leucastereae
  • Andradea Allemão
  • Leucaster Choisy
  • Ramisia Glaz. ex Baill.
  • Reichenbachia Spreng.[8]
Tribe Pisonieae
  • Cephalotomandra H.Karst. & Triana
  • Grajalesia Miranda
  • Guapira Aubl.
  • Neea Ruiz & Pav.
  • Neeopsis Lundell
  • Pisonia L.
  • Pisoniella (Heimerl) Standl.[9]

The extinct genus Mennegoxylon has been provisionally placed in the family.[10]

Uses

The family contains one food crop, the mauka (Mirabilis extensa), a root vegetable of minor local importance in the Andes. Garden Four-O'Clocks Mirabilis jalapa species are grown as ornamental plants, as are species of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra, B. spectabilis, and numerous hybrids), Bougainvillea and Abronia are commonly cultivated in warmer regions.

References
  1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  2. "Family: Nyctaginaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-01-17. Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  3. "GRIN Genera of Nyctaginaceae tribe Boldoeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  4. "GRIN Genera of Nyctaginaceae tribe Bougainvilleeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  5. "GRIN Genera of Nyctaginaceae tribe Caribeeae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  6. "GRIN Genera of Nyctaginaceae tribe Colignonieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  7. "GRIN Genera of Nyctaginaceae tribe Nyctagineae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  8. "GRIN Genera of Nyctaginaceae tribe Leucastereae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  9. "GRIN Genera of Nyctaginaceae tribe Pisonieae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  10. Wheeler, Elisabeth; Manchester, Steven R. (January 2002). "Woods of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA" (PDF). IAWA Journal. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, The Netherlands: International Association of Wood Anatomists (3): 156. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  • Levin, 2000, Phylogenetic relationships within Nyctaginaceae tribe Nyctagineae: Evidence from nuclear and chloroplast genomes. Systematic Botany 24(4) 738-750. (Subscription req.)
  • Douglas, NA and Manos, PS. 2007. Molecular phylogeny of Nyctaginaceae: taxonomy, biogeography, and characters associated with a radiation of xerophytic genera in North America. American Journal of Botany 94(5) 856-872.
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