Opinion polling for the 2023 Turkish general election

In the run up to the Turkish general election scheduled to take place in 2023, various organisations carry out opinion polling to gauge voting intention in Turkey. Results of such polls are displayed in this article. These polls only include Turkish voters nationwide and do not take into account Turkish expatriates voting abroad. The date range for these opinion polls are from the previous general election, held on 24 June 2018, to the present day.

Presidential election

First round
Date Polling firm AKP CHP HDP İYİ MHP DEVA SAADET GP Others Lead
Generic Erdoğan Generic İnce İmamoğlu Yavaş Generic Demirtaş Generic Akşener Bahçeli Babacan Karamollaoğlu Davutoğlu
Dec 2020 Optimar – 33.8 – – 4.7 6.6 – – – 5.1 – – – – – 27.2
Aug 2020 ADA – 43.2 – 3.7 13.8 14.3 – 5.7 – 6.8 4.2 3.4 0.9 1.7 2.3 28.9
Aug 2020 SONAR – 45.5 – 8.3 11.1 7.7 – 7.8 – 8.8 – – – – 5.8 34.4
Jul 2020 Areda Survey – 45 – – 13.6 14.2 – 7.7 – 5.8 3.5 0.7 0.4 0.4 5.0 30.8
May 2020 Konsensus – 44.9 – – 17.7 5.6 – 6.8 – 5.5 – – – – 14.5 27.2
Apr 2020 Artibir – 40.1 – – 33.2 – – 8.1 – 6.8 4.2 2.9 – 2.5 2.2 6.9
Mar 2020 ADA – 44.3 – 1.4 25.5 2.9 – 6.6 – 6.2 4.9 3.2 1.3 1.3 2.4 18.8
Feb 2020 Polimetre 38.5 – 35.1 – – – 9.3 – 8.1 – – – – – 9.0 3.4
Jan 2020 Artibir – 45.4 – – 34.6 – – 8.6 – – – – – – 3.1 10.8
Sep 2019 Polimetre 46.2 – 34.7 – – – 9.5 – 8.4 – – – – – 1.2 11.5
Sep 2019 ADA – 39.1 – 2.0 28.6 – – 8.0 – 6.8 6.5 – – 2.3 6.7 10.5
Aug 2018 SAROS – 45.0 – 4.9 19.2 – – 15.3 – 12.8 – – – – 2.8 25.8
Jul 2018 ORC – 56.7 – 27.7 – – – 8.4 – 6.5 – – 0.5 – 0.2 29.0
24 Jun 2018 Presidential election 52.6 30.6 8.4 7.3 - - 0.9 - 0.2 20.0

Second round
Date Polling firm AKP CHP Undecided Lead
Erdoğan İmamoğlu
Jan 2021 Artıbir 43.2 41.2 10.3 2
Dec 2020 Aksoy 37.0 48.3 14.7 11.3
Nov 2020 AKAM 41.5 43.1 8.7 1.6
Nov 2020 Aksoy 40.6 44.0 15.4 3.4
Oct 2020 AKAM 41.1 42.3 9.7 1.2
Aug 2020 Optimar 41.1 40.8 18.1 0.3
Aug 2020 MetroPoll 46.5 43.5 3.9 3
Aug 2020 AKAM 40.8 43.7 15.5 2.9
Aug 2020 Aksoy 37.1 38.7 24.2 1.6
May 2020 AKAM 40.4 45.5 14.1 5.1
May 2020 Optimar 44.7 34.7 20.6 10.0
Nov 2019 PIAR 39.7 44.5 15.8 4.8
Date Polling firm AKP CHP Undecided Lead
Erdoğan Yavaş
Dec 2020 MetroPoll 40.7 43.9 15.4 3.2
Nov 2020 AKAM 41.1 42.2 6.9 1.1
Nov 2020 Aksoy 39.5 49.0 11.5 9.5
Nov 2020 Artıbir 43.6 38.9 4.5 4.7
Oct 2020 AKAM 39.8 40.4 9.2 0.6
Aug 2020 Optimar 44.5 36.7 18.8 7.8
Aug 2020 MetroPoll 45.5 43.0 3.7 2.5
Aug 2020 AKAM 40.4 41.1 18.5 0.7
Aug 2020 Aksoy 39.2 40.4 20.4 1.2
May 2020 AKAM 39.9 39.7 20.4 0.2
May 2020 Optimar 43.0 36.1 20.9 6.9
Date Polling firm AKP Independent Undecided Lead
Erdoğan Gül
Nov 2020 AKAM 43.2 37.1 7.1 6.1
Nov 2020 Aksoy 41.0 18.7 40.3 22.3
Oct 2020 AKAM 40.7 34.5 9.1 6.2
Aug 2020 Optimar 44.3 21.3 34.4 23.0
Aug 2020 MetroPoll 49.6 22.5 6.4 27.1
Aug 2020 AKAM 42.1 33.2 24.7 8.9
Aug 2020 Aksoy 40.2 15.4 44.4 24.8
May 2020 Optimar 46.7 20.4 32.9 26.3
Date Polling firm AKP DEVA Undecided Lead
Erdoğan Babacan
Nov 2020 AKAM 40.1 37.9 12.1 2.2
Nov 2020 Aksoy 42.1 25.2 32.7 16.9
Oct 2020 AKAM 39.9 36.7 10.2 3.2
Aug 2020 AKAM 41.9 35.2 22.9 6.7
Aug 2020 Aksoy 39.9 14.6 45.5 25.3
Date Polling firm AKP CHP Undecided Lead
Erdoğan İnce
Nov 2020 Aksoy 41.4 29.2 29.4 12.2
Oct 2020 AKAM 41.9 35.9 7.5 6.0
Aug 2020 Optimar 44.5 33.5 22 11
Aug 2020 MetroPoll 48.5 32.2 4.8 16.3
Aug 2020 AKAM 42.7 35.9 21.4 6.8
Date Polling firm AKP İYİ Undecided Lead
Erdoğan Akşener
Dec 2020 Aksoy 38.1 37.1 24.8 1.0

Parliamentary election

Poll results are listed in the tables below in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first, and using the date the survey's fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. If such date is unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed in bold, and the background shaded in the leading party's color. In the instance that there is a tie, then no figure is shaded. The lead column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the two parties with the highest figures. When a specific poll does not show a data figure for a party, the party's cell corresponding to that poll is shown empty.

Graphical summary

The chart below shows opinion polls conducted for the next Turkish general election. The trend lines are local regressions (LOESS).

Party vote
Date Polling firm AKP CHP HDP İYİ MHP DEVA GP SP Others Lead
Jan 2021 MetroPoll 37.2 26.0 9.8 12.3 8.5 1.4 1.1 2.2 1.5 11.2
Jan 2021 AKAM 35.6 25.3 10.5 13.4 8.1 2.9 3.0 0.8 0.3 10.3
Jan 2021 MAK 35.6 24.9 8.9 13.6 8.5 2.3 2.5 1.6 2.1 10.7
Jan 2021 AKAM 35.0 25.0 10.7 13.0 9.5 2.5 2.6 0.8 0.8 10.0
Jan 2021 Artıbir 34.5 26.2 11.6 11.5 8.4 4.1 2.6 1.1 - 8.3
Jan 2021 İEA 36.2 20.3 10.5 16.7 9.1 3.6 1.3 0.6 1.7 15.9
Dec 2020 Aksoy 34.8 27.2 8.9 13.1 9.0 3.1 1.8 1.6 0.6 7.6
Dec 2020 MetroPoll 38.9 25.4 11.1 11.3 7.6 2.2 1.7 0.8 1.0 13.5
Dec 2020 AKAM 33.3 26.6 10.5 13.5 10.0 2.5 2.8 0.6 0.2 6.7
Dec 2020 AREA 39.3 22.4 10.4 11.1 10.5 3.1 0.7 1.0 1.3 16.9
Dec 2020 MAK 37.0 24.8 9.2 12.5 8.8 2.2 2.5 1.5 1.5 12.2
Dec 2020 Optimar 41.2 23.7 8.4 10.9 11.1 - - 0.9 3.8 17.5
Dec 2020 İEA 39.7 18.7 11.3 14.0 9.0 4.2 1.1 0.7 1.3 21.0
Dec 2020 Objektif 34.0 26.7 10.5 11.0 11.2 2.1 2.7 1.2 0.6 7.3
Dec 2020 Gezici 36.6 26.2 10.2 9.6 8.8 6.6 - - 2.0 10.4
Dec 2020 ORC 36.1 25.4 9.3 10.4 12.7 1.9 2.5 1.1 0.6 10.7
Nov 2020 MetroPoll 41.3 22.4 10.4 11.2 9.1 2.2 0.8 1.5 1.1 18.9
Nov 2020 AKAM 33.2 26.4 11.5 13.4 8.6 2.8 2.8 0.9 0.4 6.8
Nov 2020 MAK 38.7 24.0 9.2 11.6 9.1 2.3 2.3 1.4 1.4 14.7
Nov 2020 AREA 36.2 23.7 10.4 13.7 9.0 3.5 1.7 1.5 0.2 12.5
Nov 2020 GENAR 42.1 22.8 9.7 10.1 10.3 1.0 0.6 1.7 1.7 19.3
Nov 2020 Aksoy 36.0 24.9 9.5 13.6 9.1 3.4 1.5 0.8 1.2 11.1
Nov 2020 İEA 37.5 20.1 11.3 16.2 9.3 2.9 1.1 0.6 1.0 17.4
Nov 2020 Artıbir 36.0 26.5 11.7 11.2 9.4 2.5 1.4 – – 9.5
Oct 2020 MetroPoll 38.2 23.1 11.4 11.5 10.6 2.0 1.2 1.3 0.7 15.1
Oct 2020 AKAM 32.6 28.2 11.6 12.7 8.9 3.2 2.0 0.3 0.5 4.4
Oct 2020 AREA 37.7 23.8 11.6 12.1 11.0 1.5 0.7 0.9 0.7 13.9
Oct 2020 MAK 38.0 24.6 10.5 11.6 8.7 2.3 2.4 1.4 2.2 13.4
Oct 2020 Optimar 41.4 23.8 10.5 9.3 9.5 1.5 1.0 – 3.0 17.6
Oct 2020 Unknown 35.1 28.0 11.0 12.0 7.1 2.5 2.5 0.5 1.3 7.1
Oct 2020 İEA 40.2 20.0 11.4 15.7 8.8 2.1 1.0 – 0.7 20.2
Oct 2020 Yöneylem 34.4 27.8 11.8 11.0 8.6 3.0 1.3 1.2 – 6.6
Sep 2020 MetroPoll 41.6 22.8 10.4 11.3 9.4 1.3 0.9 1.5 0.9 18.8
Sep 2020 AREA 40.0 22.7 10.4 12.4 10.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.8 17.3
Sep 2020 AKAM 37.3 27.2 10.7 11.7 8.5 1.8 2.0 0.5 0.3 10.1
Sep 2020 MAK 38.6 24.1 8.7 12.0 8.6 2.2 2.3 1.3 2.2 14.5
Sep 2020 İEA 43.3 22.3 10.4 10.7 7.6 2.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 21.0
Aug 2020 MetroPoll 39.5 26.8 9.6 9.6 9.4 1.0 0.9 1.8 1.5 12.7
Aug 2020 AKAM 36.9 28.1 10.6 11.4 7.1 2.7 2.6 0.4 0.2 8.8
Aug 2020 AREA 38.0 22.7 10.8 11.5 10.8 1.7 1.3 1.8 1.3 15.3
Aug 2020 SONAR 39.8 27.2 8.3 10.4 11.3 – – – 3.0 10.6
Aug 2020 Aksoy 38.3 26.2 9.6 9.2 8.5 3.4 2.5 1.2 1.1 12.1
Aug 2020 ORC 36.6 25.9 9.6 8.1 14.1 2.3 1.6 0.8 1.0 10.7
Aug 2020 İEA 39.1 22.6 10.8 10.7 11.4 2.3 1.1 1.2 0.8 16.5
Aug 2020 ArtıBir 36.9 27.3 11.7 11.0 8.9 1.9 1.3 1.1 – 9.6
Jul 2020 Metropoll 42.1 26.0 10.1 8.7 7.6 1.6 2.5 1.0 0.3 16.1
Jul 2020 AKAM 35.0 28.4 11.7 12.4 7.4 2.2 2.3 – 0.6 6.6
Jul 2020 ORC 37.3 26.2 10.4 6.8 13.0 2.6 1.7 1.1 0.9 11.1
Jul 2020 İEA 40.7 20.8 11.7 10.3 10.6 2.7 0.9 1.1 1.1 19.9
Jul 2020 AREA 37.0 24.6 10.5 11.0 10.1 3.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 12.4
Jun 2020 MetroPoll 37.2 29.5 10.9 8.6 7.6 2.3 1.7 1.2 1.0 7.7
Jun 2020 Sosyo Politik 35.1 24.1 11.8 8.2 9.0 6.0 4.2 1.6 0.0 11.0
Jun 2020 MAK 35.5 25.3 9.3 11.0 10.8 2.8 2.9 1.2 1.2 10.2
Jun 2020 AKAM 35.1 28.0 12.0 12.1 7.1 3.0 2.4 – 0.3 7.1
May 2020 MetroPoll 38.5 27.1 10.5 9.6 9.1 1.6 1.6 0.9 0.8 11.3
May 2020 AREA 39.0 24.5 10.0 12.0 8.0 2.6 1.4 1.9 0.6 14.5
May 2020 AKAM 34.5 30.6 10.4 10.2 8.2 3.0 2.3 0.5 0.3 4.8
May 2020 Optimar 42.8 23.4 9.5 9.1 10.2 1.3 1.1 – 2.7 19.4
May 2020 GENAR 45.4 23.5 10.3 8.3 9.8 0.6 0.5 – 1.6 21.9
May 2020 ORC 38.4 25.6 10.3 6.4 14.1 1.0 1.9 1.1 1.2 12.8
May 2020 MAK 37.4 25.3 9.4 10.9 10.7 1.7 2.4 1.1 1.1 12.1
May 2020 AREA 35.8 24.8 12.1 11.8 9.6 2.0 – – 3.9 11.0
Apr 2020 AKAM 34.0 28.4 11.1 11.7 9.0 2.7 2.5 0.5 0.3 5.6
Apr 2020 İEA 38.7 22.8 12.0 10.5 13.2 0.3 0.5 1.2 0.8 15.9
Mar 2020 44.0 23.1 9.8 8.6 9.3 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.0 20.9
Mar 2020 ADA 38.3 22.6 9.7 10.5 11.2 3.4 2.0 1.3 1.0 15.7
Mar 2020 Artıbir 35.4 30.1 10.1 10.5 10.0 – 1.3 1.6 1.0 5.3
Mar 2020 İEA 41.6 21.2 12.9 11.7 10.0 – 0.7 0.7 1.2 20.4
Mar 2020 KONDA 39.4 24.0 12.2 11.1 11.8 – – – 1.4 15.4
Feb 2020 38.4 22.3 12.4 13.8 11.2 – – – 1.9 16.1
Feb 2020 AREA 38.1 24.4 11.6 10.7 11.1 – – – – 13.7
Feb 2020 Artıbir 37.4 28.9 10.1 10.5 9.9 – 1.3 1.1 0.8 8.5
Feb 2020 Themis 38.0 29.3 8.0 7.3 10.0 – 0.7 3.3 3.3 8.7
Feb 2020 IEA 39.7 25.1 10.5 10.8 9.2 – 1.1 0.3 3.3 14.5
Feb 2020 Polimetre 30.0 25.3 12.8 11.1 8.9 – – 1.5 10.5 4.7
Jan 2020 30.2 25.4 12.6 11.1 8.9 – – 1.5 10.5 4.8
Jan 2020 MetroPoll 40.0 25.5 12.1 8.3 10.1 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 14.5
Jan 2020 CHP 35.9 26.3 11.4 9.1 11.0 1.6 1.2 1.4 2.0 9.6
Jan 2020 AREA 36.2 24.8 12.9 11.1 11.3 – – – 3.8 10.4
Jan 2020 IEA 38.5 22.1 13.0 10.0 9.3 – 1.1 1.3 4.7 16.4
Jan 2020 Artıbir 38.0 27.3 8.5 10.1 11.3 – 2.3 1.6 0.9 10.7
Dec 2019 ORC 36.1 27.1 9.3 4.9 16.3 – 2.2 0.9 3.3 9.0
Dec 2019 KOMSAR 36.1 26.8 11.8 8.8 7.2 5.5 2.2 0.8 0.7 9.3
Dec 2019 Blockchain 33.8 28.0 3.9 5.8 9.4 9.4 5.3 3.3 1.1 5.8
Dec 2019 AREA 38.3 25.8 10.5 10.6 10.6 – – – 4.2 12.5
Dec 2019 MetroPoll 41.0 24.8 11.0 8.3 9.8 – 2.0 0.8 2.3 16.2
Dec 2019 MAK 38.0 24.9 9.9 11.7 11.9 – – 1.2 4.4 13.1
Dec 2019 Kadir Has University 40.2 33.0 9.2 8.3 8.1 – – – 1.2 6.8
Dec 2019 AR-G 36.8 26.9 12.1 9.4 10.9 – – 1.4 1.3 9.9
Dec 2019 IEA 40.1 24.9 11.6 10.0 8.6 – – – 4.6 15.2
Nov 2019 PIAR 31.9 24.7 10.2 10.6 9.0 7.7 3.4 1.7 0.8 7.2
Nov 2019 ORC 36.6 28.9 9.5 3.9 17.2 – – 1.5 2.3 7.7
Nov 2019 Metropoll 42.0 24.0 12.2 9.6 11.0 – – 0.9 0.3 18.0
Nov 2019 AREA 38.3 23.3 12.6 10.5 11.8 – – – 3.5 15.0
Nov 2019 IEA 37.8 25.8 11.0 10.1 11.4 – – – 3.9 12.0
Nov 2019 Sosyo Politik 38.3 27.7 10.3 4.8 7.8 2.4 3.9 0.9 3.9 10.6
Oct 2019 IEA 40.2 24.8 13.7 10.3 8.2 – – – 3.3 15.4
Oct 2019 ADA 41.9 21.3 7.5 7.5 8.4 – 2.3 9.2 20.6
Oct 2019 Polimetre 37.3 25.9 13.1 11.5 9.9 – – 1.5 0.8 11.4
Oct 2019 AREA 37.0 24.1 12.4 10.8 11.4 – – – 4.2 12.9
Oct 2019 Metropoll 43.2 23.4 10.7 9.3 11.9 – – 1.1 0.4 19.8
Sep 2019 ORC 35.7 30.9 9.4 4.5 16.6 – – 2.0 0.8 4.1
Sep 2019 Optimar 40.5 26.7 9.3 9.0 10.9 – – 2.0 1.7 13.8
Sep 2019 AKAM 29.9 30.8 11.7 8.9 16.0 – – – 2.7 0.9
Sep 2019 AR-G 37.8 28.4 9.2 7.7 11.1 – – 1.2 4.6 9.4
Sep 2019 Metropoll 40.2 24.5 12.0 10.5 10.7 – – 1.6 0.4 16.2
Aug 2019 ADA 37.5 22.8 9.0 7.0 9.5 – – 0.9 1.8 14.7
Aug 2019 N/S 39.0 27.0 11.0 10.1 9.9 – – – 3.0 12.0
Aug 2019 SAROS 32.5 25.2 13.4 10.5 9.1 4.4 4.2 – 0.7 7.3
38.6 24.7 13.5 10.8 10.5 N/A N/A – 1.9 13.9
Jul 2019 PİAR 36.7 29.1 12.2 9.1 10.8 1.6 0.5 7.6
Apr 2019 AKAM 34.0 27.0 10.4 11.1 15.6 1.4 0.4 7.0
31 Mar 2019 Local elections 42.5 29.6 5.6 7.4 7.2 3.0 6.6 16.9
Mar 2019 AREA 37.5 25.8 12.1 13.2 9.6 – 1.7 12.3
Jan 2019 Piar 35.0 25.9 11.0 12.1 13.6 – 2.4 9.1
Jan 2019 AREA 37.1 25.2 12.2 12.3 11.6 – 1.7 11.9
Dec 2018 CHP 42.2 23.3 – 9.3 12.4 – – 18.9
Dec 2018 AREA 38.8 25.0 10.8 12.2 11.2 – 2.0 12.2
Nov 2018 AREA 40.2 25.1 10.7 9.5 13.0 – 1.9 15.1
Jul 2018 MAK 45.5 22.9 10.9 7.6 10.9 1.1 1.1 22.6
Jul 2018 ORC 44.7 24.7 8.9 8.3 12.3 - 1.1 20.0
24 Jun 2018 Parliamentary election 42.6 22.6 11.7 10.0 11.1 N/A N/A 1.3 0.7 20.0

Party vote (regional)
Date Polling firm AKP CHP HDP İYİ MHP DEVA GP SP Others Lead
Aug 2020[nb 1]

Sosyo Politik

 9.4 4.6 63 – 1.5 2.6 4.4 1.1 1.1 53.6
December 2020[nb 2] Rawest 28.5 7.4 50.5 1.2 2.0 5.0 3.1 1.1 1.2 22.0

Leadership polling

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Date Polling firm Positive Negative No idea
January 2021 MetroPOLL 46.1 47.4 6.5
November 2020 AREA 47.5 42.9 9.6
July 2020 MetroPOLL 52.0 40.9 7.2
June 2020 AREA 51.9 40.7 7.4
April 2020 AREA 44.3 51.6 4.1
April 2020 MetroPOLL 57.2 35.5 7.3

Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu
Date Polling firm Positive Negative No idea
November 2020 AREA 25.2 62.4 12.4
June 2020 AREA 25.9 63.9 10.2
April 2020 AREA 28.6 59.3 12.1
April 2020 MetroPOLL 25.2 66.1 8.7

Meral Akşener
Date Polling firm Positive Negative No idea
November 2020 AREA 41.1 47.1 11.8
June 2020 AREA 35.7 54.3 10.0
April 2020 AREA 31.2 49.3 19.5
April 2020 MetroPOLL 37.3 53.6 9.1

Selahattin Demirtaş
Date Polling firm Positive Negative No idea
November 2020 AREA 17.7 70.7 11.6
June 2020 AREA 16.2 72.3 11.5
April 2020 AREA 16.5 67.3 16.2
April 2020 MetroPOLL 15.6 73.4 11.0

Devlet Bahçeli
Date Polling firm Positive Negative No idea
November 2020 AREA 34.8 55.3 9.9
June 2020 AREA 32.4 59.1 8.5
April 2020 AREA 32.8 51.8 15.4
April 2020 MetroPOLL 35.2 57.1 7.6

Others
Date Polling firm Politician Party Positive Negative No idea
November 2020 AREA Mansur Yavaş CHP 61.0 28.3 10.7
November 2020 AREA Ekrem İmamoğlu CHP 49.4 40.7 9.9
November 2020 AREA Ali Babacan DEVA 27.3 56.7 16.0
November 2020 AREA Ahmet Davutoğlu GP 16.4 68.4 15.2
November 2020 AREA Temel Karamollaoğlu SP 15.3 68.6 16.1
June 2020 AREA Ali Babacan DEVA 27.4 52.7 19.9
June 2020 AREA Ahmet Davutoğlu GP 21.0 62.1 16.9
April 2020 MetroPOLL Ekrem İmamoğlu CHP 53.0 36.3 10.8
April 2020 MetroPOLL Mansur Yavaş CHP 44.0 38.2 17.8
April 2020 MetroPOLL Abdullah Gül IND 34.4 54.9 10.8
April 2020 MetroPOLL Tunç Soyer CHP 27.3 43.0 29.7
April 2020 MetroPOLL Ahmet Davutoğlu GP 21.9 58.7 19.4
April 2020 MetroPOLL Ali Babacan DEVA 18.2 57.2 24.6
April 2020 MetroPOLL Temel Karamollaoğlu SP 14.9 61.8 23.3
April 2020 MetroPOLL Pervin Buldan HDP 12.0 59.5 28.5
April 2020 MetroPOLL Mithat Sancar HDP 7.1 54.9 38.0

Preferred Alliance
Date Polling firm People's Alliance Nation Alliance No idea Lead
January 2021 MetroPOLL 39.6 48.3 12.1 8.7

Notes
  1. Conducted in the provinces of Diyarbakır, Van, Batman, Hakkari, Mardin, Şırnak, Şanlıurfa, Ağrı, Bitlis, Iğdır, Kars, Muş and Siirt.
  2. Conduted in the provinces of Diyarbakır, Van, Şanlıurfa and Mardin.
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