Orthopnea

Orthopnea or orthopnoea[1] is shortness of breath (dyspnea) that occurs when lying flat,[2] causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair. It is commonly seen as a late manifestation of heart failure, resulting from fluid redistribution into the central circulation, causing an increase in pulmonary capillary pressure. It is also seen in cases of abdominal obesity or pulmonary disease.[3] Orthopnea is the opposite of platypnea, shortness of breath that worsens when sitting or standing up.

Orthopnea
Other namesOrthopnoea
Pronunciation
  • /ɔːˈθɒpnɪə/[1]
SpecialtyCardiology

Causes

Orthopnea is often a symptom of left ventricular heart failure and/or pulmonary edema.[4][5] It can also occur in those with asthma and chronic bronchitis, as well as those with sleep apnea or panic disorder. It is also associated with polycystic liver disease.[6] From a neuromuscular perspective, orthopnea is a sign of severe diaphragmatic weakness. Under such circumstances, patients may describe shortness of breath when they bend over (e.g. when tying shoelaces).

Mechanism

Orthopnea is due to increased distribution of blood to the pulmonary circulation when a person lies flat or closer to a horizontal position. Lying flat decreases the inhibitory effect that the gravity usually has on the blood that is coming back to the heart from the lower extremities of the body. This increases the right sided venous return. In a normal person, this redistribution of blood has little effect on respiratory function as the left ventricle has the adequate capacity to suddenly increase its stroke volume (as a result of Frank-Starling mechanism). In a person with heart failure, the left ventricle has an inadequate capacity to respond to increased arrival of blood from the pulmonary circulation. This leads to the pooling up of blood in the pulmonary circulation. The increased intra-parenchymal pulmonary intravascular pressure can also result in hydrostatic pressure related fluid exudation into the alveoli, thus causing pulmonary edema and further worsening shortness of breath. Thus, shortness of breath is commonly experienced after a reasonably short time lying near to flat for a person with left ventricular failure.[5] This is different from the dyspnea experienced by someone with lung parenchymal pathology (both restrictive and obstructive) when lying down, which is sudden and instead related to an acute change in diaphragmatic/accessory respiratory muscle mechanical advantage lost when moving the body into a more horizontal position.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based mostly on the clinical features.

Etymology

The word orthopnea uses combining forms of ortho- + -pnea, from Greek ortho, straight, regular, + pnoia, breath. See pronunciation information at dyspnea.

See also

References
  1. "Orthopnoea | Definition of Orthopnoea by Lexico". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  2. "orthopnea" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  3. Anthony Fauci, Eugene Braunwald, Dennis Kasper, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo, (2008). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 17th ed. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780071466332. p.1446
  4. Torchio R, Gulotta C, Greco-Lucchina P, et al. (August 2006). "Orthopnea and tidal expiratory flow limitation in chronic heart failure". Chest. 130 (2): 472–9. doi:10.1378/chest.130.2.472. PMID 16899847. Archived from the original on 2013-04-14.
  5. Mukerji, bVaskar (1990). "Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea". In Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis (eds.). Clinical Methods: The; History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (3rd ed.). Butterworths. ISBN 0-407-02853-6. Retrieved 2009-03-14.
  6. Kerns, Marcia A. "Causes for Orthopnea". Findatopdoc. H. Dix. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
Classification


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