Paul Rusesabagina

Paul Rusesabagina (Kinyarwanda: [ɾusesɑβaɟinɑ];[3][4] born 15 June 1954) is a Rwandan politician, activist and humanitarian. He worked as the manager of the Hôtel des Mille Collines in Kigali, during a period in which it housed 1,268 Hutu and Tutsi refugees from the Interahamwe militia during the Rwandan genocide.[5] None of these refugees were hurt or killed during the attacks.[6]

Paul Rusesabagina
Rusesabagina in 2004
Born (1954-06-15) 15 June 1954
Murama, Kigali, Ruanda-Urundi
NationalityRwandan
CitizenshipBelgian[1]
Alma materKenya Utalii College
Political partyPDR-Ihumure,[2] Movement for Democratic Change
Spouse(s)
  • Esther Bamurage (div.)
​
​
(m. 1989)​
Awards

An account of Rusesabagina's actions during the genocide was dramatised in Terry George's film Hotel Rwanda, in which he was portrayed by American actor Don Cheadle.[7] The film has been the subject both of critical acclaim and deep controversy, particularly in Rwanda.[8][9]

On the back of newly-found international fame, Rusesabagina embarked on a successful career as a public speaker, mostly touring universities in the United States.[10] He campaigns for the Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation, which he founded in 2006.[3][11] He holds Belgian citizenship, and a US green card, and has homes in Brussels, Belgium and San Antonio, Texas.[1]

Since leaving Rwanda in 1996, he has become a prominent critic of Paul Kagame and the RPF government.[12][13][14] He founded the PDR-Ihumure political party in 2006, and is currently President of the MRCD, a foreign-based opposition group to the Rwandan government.[4][15][16]

On 31 August 2020, believing he was taking a flight to Burundi from Dubai, he arrived in Kigali, where he was arrested on nine charges of terrorism that related to his association with the FLN (National Liberation Front), the armed wing of PDR-Ihumure.[17] Rusesabagina and his family deny all charges, and are suing charter airline GainJet for not disclosing the true destination of the flight to Rusesabagina.[18][1]

Birth and career

Rusesabagina was one of nine children born to a Hutu father, a respected community elder named Thomas Rupfure, and a Tutsi mother in Murama, Rwanda.[19][20] Although stating that he grew up poor, in a "house ... made of mud and sticks" and "without shoes", Rusesabagina described his upbringing as "solidly middle class by the standards of Africa in the 1950s".[21] Rusesabagina's parents sent him to school in a town near Gitwe run by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. By the age of 13, he was fluent in English and French, as well as his native Kinyarwanda.[22]

He married his first wife, Esther Sembeba, on 8 September 1967. By the end of his adolescence, Rusesabagina had decided to become a minister. He and his wife moved to Cameroon where he studied at the Faculty of Theology in Yaoundé. In Cameroon, he soon became disillusioned by the prospect of a career as a clergyman, deciding he wanted to live an 'urban life'.[23]

In December 1978, he, his wife, and two children moved to Kigali. While there, a childhood friend, Isaac Mulihano, invited Rusesabagina to apply for an opening to work at the Hôtel des Mille Collines. He was offered a position and was sent to Nairobi on a 'hotel scholarship', and then to Switzerland and Brussels to study hotel management. Due to distance and his commitment to work, he and Esther legally separated in 1981. Rusesabagina was granted full custody of their three children: Diane, Lys, and Roger.[24]

In 1987, he was invited to a wedding where he met Tatiana, a Tutsi nurse who lived in Ruhengeri. Rusesabagina called in a favour with a frequent customer of the Mille Collines, a Minister of Health, to transfer Tatiana to a job at Central Hospital in Kigali. Tatiana and Paul married two years later and she adopted his children. She gave birth twice, but only their son, Trésor, survived infancy. Rusesabagina's father died in 1991, and his mother passed away shortly after.[25]

As he rose through the ranks at the Hôtel des Mille Collines, his promotions earned him the resentment of some fellow Rwandans in the staff. Some took to calling him 'muzungu' - a Kinyarwandan word for 'white man'.[26] In 1992, Paul Rusesabagina was promoted to assistant general manager of the Diplomates Hotel, an affiliate of the Hôtel des Mille Collines.[27]

Rwandan genocide

During Rusesabagina’s training abroad, and his rise as a distinguished hôtelier, the Hutu-dominated government of President Juvénal Habyarimana was facing military pressure from the Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). After a ceasefire in Arusha brought the Civil War to an end in 1993, several reports of militia activity – including the stockpiling of weapons and the creation of lists of Tutsis – had been received by the UN and other authorities.[28] Alongside this, radio stations including the infamous Radio Télévision Libre des Milles Collines (RTLM) were broadcasting messages about Tutsi plots to murder Hutus, and encouraging violence towards Tutsis.[29]

On 6 April 1994, a plane containing President Habyarimana (and others, including Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira) was shot down as it approached the Kigali Airport for landing.[30] Everyone on board was killed. ‘Hutu Power’ extremists within the government and local militias blamed this event on the Tutsi, and consequently, the Rwandan genocide started on 6 April 1994. Interahamwe militias consulted their lists and began searching the city for Tutsis and Tutsi ‘sympathisers’ to murder.[31] Though Rusesabagina was Hutu (his father was Hutu and his mother Tutsi), his wife Tatiana was a Tutsi and his children considered mixed – meaning that his family was under considerable threat.

When the violence broke out, soldiers came to Rusesabagina’s house, asking him to open the Hôtel Diplomates, which the interim Hutu government used as a headquarters. Rusesabagina bribed the soldiers with money from the hotel safe to ensure safe passage for his family. When the government evacuated the hotel, on account of RPF shelling, Rusesabagina arrived at the Hôtel des Mille Collines.[32][33]

Upon arrival, Rusesabagina promptly phoned the hotel's corporate owners, Sabena, imploring them to put him in charge as the acting general manager of the Mille Collines. They sent through a fax, and he assumed control of the hotel from the staff who had been running it since the killings begun.

Despite Rusesabagina’s claims that Romeo Dallaire ‘rescinded’ an order for UN protection of the hotel, there was in fact, a strong UN peacekeeping presence at the Hotel, including Mbaye Diagne, a Senegalese military observer who was ferrying threatened Tutsi into the Hotel.[34] General Dallaire – in charge of the UN deployment, and his deputy, Brent Beardsley, were also often at the hotel, ensuring its safety from killings.[35] A team of unarmed military observers had been in charge of protecting the hotel from April 8.

On May 3, Rusesabagina ensured that his wife and children fled safely in a truck past the militia's roadblocks. The truck set out for Kigali airport so they could flee to Belgium.[36] He remained in the hotel. Tatiana and her children were specifically targeted within the convoy by radio messages on RTLM, and they returned to the hotel after being attacked.

Tatiana's family faced extreme tragedy. Her mother, brother and sister-in-law, and four nieces and nephews died in the genocide. Her father paid Hutu militia to execute him so that he would not die a more painful death:

 We all knew we would die, no question. The only question was how. Would they chop us in pieces? With their machetes they would cut your left hand off. Then they would disappear and reappear a few hours later to cut off your right hand. A little later they would return for your left leg etc. They went on till you died. They wanted to make you suffer as long as possible. There was one alternative: you could pay soldiers so they would just shoot you. That's what her [Tatiana's] father did.

— Paul Rusesabagina in Humo, nr. 3365, 1 March 2005

The Genocide ended on 15 July 1994, when the RPF reached Kigali and stopped the killings. Estimates on the overall death toll vary – ranging from 500,000 to 1.2 million. This all took place in 100 days. Interahamwe left nearly 1 million dead. By the end of the massacre, four of his eight siblings remained alive. He comments in his autobiography that "for a Rwandan family, this is a comparatively lucky outcome."[37]

Rusesabagina, his wife and children, and the refugees eventually managed to escape to Tanzania, thanks to the Rwandan Patriotic Front. After staying in Rwanda for two more years, Rusesabagina applied for asylum in Belgium and moved to Brussels with his wife, children, and two nieces in 1996, allegedly fearing for his life.[38] They later settled in San Antonio, Texas.[39]

Controversy

Rusesabagina and Rwandan president and former head of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) Paul Kagame have feuded in public. In his 2006 autobiography, Rusesabagina alleges, "Rwanda is today a nation governed by and for the benefit of a small group of elite Tutsis... Those few Hutus who have been elevated to high-ranking posts are usually empty suits without any real authority of their own. They are known locally as Hutus de service or Hutus for hire." He has also criticized Kagame's election to president.

On 6 April 2006, Kagame suggested, "[Rusesabagina] should try his talents elsewhere and not climb on the falsehood of being a hero, because it's totally false." Francois Xavier Ngarambe, the president of Ibuka, the umbrella body of survivors' associations for the genocide, said of Rusesabagina, "he has hijacked heroism. He is trading with the genocide. He should be charged." Terry George, the director of Hotel Rwanda, characterized the comment as part of a smear campaign.[40]

In 2007, Rusesabagina claimed that the killings committed by the RPF rebels during the conflict constituted genocide.[41] The historian Gérard Prunier agrees that the RPF committed "horrendous crimes", but he rejects the notion of a "double genocide", which he argues "does not stand up to serious inquiry".[42]

In 2008, the book Hotel Rwanda or the Tutsi Genocide as seen by Hollywood, by Alfred Ndahiro, a public relations advisor to Kagame, and journalist Privat Rutazibwa, was published.[43] It provides an alternative take to the portrayal of Rusesabagina's actions as seen in the film Hotel Rwanda.

Rusesabagina has consistently denied allegations put forward by the Rwandan government accusing Rusesabagina of helping the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda, a Rwandan Hutu rebel group. In a 2010 interview with CNN, Rusesabagina said: "I have sent no money to terrorists... He [the prosecutor] is not only lying, but lying with bad logic... This is pure and simple fabrication from Kigali."[44]

Rusesabagina stated in a public lecture at the University of Michigan on 27 March 2014, that he has chosen to forgive Kagame, as this is the only way that Rwanda can move past the genocide.[45]

Arrest

On 31 August 2020, Rusesabagina was arrested for charges of terrorism, arson, kidnap and "murder perpetrated against unarmed, innocent Rwandan civilians on Rwandan territory".[46] According to a Twitter post by the Rwanda Investigation Bureau (RIB), he was arrested in Kigali on an international warrant and is "the founder, leader, sponsor and member of violent, armed, extremist terror outfits", including the Rwanda Movement for Democratic Change and the Party for Democracy in Rwanda. Kitty Kurth, a spokeswoman for his Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation, said: "We believe he was kidnapped and taken by extraordinary rendition to Rwanda".[1] Rusesabagina's adopted daughter Carine Kanimba has claimed: "What they're accusing him of is all made up. There is no evidence to what they're claiming...We know this is a wrongful arrest".[47] The authorities have not yet provided any evidence of the charges against him.[1] Rusesabagina's lawyers and writers in several news outlets have argued that the arrest was motivated by Rusesabagina's outspoken criticism of the Rwandan government, in line with other arrests and disappearances of dissidents under the presidency of Paul Kagame. Various media outlets in Rwanda, including The New Times have accused him of genocide denial.[48][49][50][51][52][53]

Rusesabagina, a permanent resident of the United States who has not lived in Rwanda since an assassination attempt in 1996,[1][54] had gone on a trip to Dubai shortly before being arrested.[47] In a jailhouse interview with The New York Times, Rusesabagina stated that in Dubai, he boarded a private plane that he thought was bound for Burundi, where he planned to speak at the invitation of a Christian pastor; instead, the plane took him to Kigali.[55]

In October 2020, the Rwandan Prosecution Authority announced that they would try Rusesabagina along with 16 alleged rebels.[56] His trial was initially scheduled for the 26 January 2021, but was postponed due to ongoing complications with the Covid-19 situation in Kigali. The new date is set for February 17.[57]

Awards received

Media

Books

Rusesabagina's story was first told in Philip Gourevitch's book We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families, which was published in 1998.

His autobiography An Ordinary Man (written with Tom Zoellner ISBN 0-670-03752-4) was published by Zach Bell in April 2006.[62]

Since the release of Hotel Rwanda in 2004, and the publication of An Ordinary Man, two other major books have been published about the Hotel des Milles Collines during the Rwandan Genocide and Rusesabagina's purported role. In 2008, Alfred Ndahiro - a close advisor to Paul Kagame - and Rwandan scholar Privat Rutazibwa wrote Hotel Rwanda: Or the Tutsi Genocide as Seen by Hollwood (ISBN 2-296-05046-8). In 2014, genocide survivor Eduaord Kayihura, who hid in the Hotel during the 100 days of genocide, wrote Inside the Hotel Rwanda: The Surprising True Story ... and Why It Matters Today (written with Kerry Zukus ISBN 1-937-85673-9). Both have been critical of Rusesabagina.[63][64]

Film

Rusesabagina's work during the genocide is dramatized in the 2004 movie Hotel Rwanda, he is portrayed by Don Cheadle.[65] Cheadle's performance was met with critical acclaim and the actor was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role.

See also

References
  1. Abdi Latif Dahir (31 August 2020). "'Hotel Rwanda' Hero, Paul Rusesabagina, Is Held on Terrorism Charge". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  2. Maurice Izabayo (18 December 2012). "'Le Héros d'Hôtel Rwanda dévoile la stratégie de son parti politique à Bruxelles". Jambo News. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  3. "'Hotel Rwanda' Manager: We've Failed To Learn From History". National Public Radio. 5 April 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  4. "Paul Rusesabagina, Rwanda's hotel " (13 November 2013), by Patt Morrison, Los Angeles Times
  5. Zeliger, Robert. "Smear campaign against hero of "Hotel Rwanda"?". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  6. "The story of Hôtel des Mille Collines". The New Times | Rwanda. 6 April 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  7. Hotel Rwanda (2004) - IMDb, retrieved 18 January 2021
  8. "Hotel Rwanda: history with a Hollywood ending". the Guardian. 7 August 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  9. "Paul Rusesabagina's heroic role in Hotel Rwanda in controversy among Rwandan media - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  10. "Paul Rusesabagina Archives". BYU Speeches. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  11. ProPublica, Mike Tigas, Sisi Wei, Ken Schwencke, Brandon Roberts, Alec Glassford. "Hotel Rwanda Rusesabagina Foundation Inc - Nonprofit Explorer". ProPublica. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  12. Asiimwe, Arthur (4 April 2007). ""Hotel Rwanda" hero in bitter controversy". Reuters. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  13. Dahir, Abdi Latif (31 August 2020). "'Hotel Rwanda' Hero, Paul Rusesabagina, Is Held on Terrorism Charge". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  14. "Hotel Rwanda hero: Rwanda is a volcano waiting to erupt - CNN.com". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  15. "Paul Rusesabagina has the right to a fair trial". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  16. CNN, Stephanie Busari. "Paul Rusesabagina of 'Hotel Rwanda' appears in court again seeking bail after arrest on terrorism charges". CNN. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  17. Dahir, Abdi Latif; Walsh, Declan; Stevis-Gridneff, Matina; Maclean, Ruth (18 September 2020). "How the Hero of 'Hotel Rwanda' Fell Into a Vengeful Strongman's Trap". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  18. "'Hotel Rwanda' Hero Sues Greek Air Charter for Aiding Kidnap". Bloomberg.com. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  19. "My Father, Rupfure Thomas, and Nelson Mandela". The MY HERO Project. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  20. Rusesabagina, Paul, 1954-. An ordinary man : the truth about Hotel Rwanda. Zoellner, Tom,. London. pp. 1, 12. ISBN 978-1-4088-0726-2. OCLC 891939094.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. Rusesabagina, Paul (2007). An Ordinary Man: The True Story Behind Hotel Rwanda. p. 4. ISBN 9781408807262.
  22. Kohen, Ari (2010). "A Case of Moral Heroism: Sympathy, Personal Identification, and Mortality in Rwanda". Human Rights Review. 11(1): 65–82 – via ResearchGate.
  23. Rusesabagina, Paul, 1954-. An ordinary man : the truth about Hotel Rwanda. Zoellner, Tom,. London. pp. 47–49. ISBN 978-1-4088-0726-2. OCLC 891939094.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. Rusesabagina, Paul, 1954-. An ordinary man : the truth about Hotel Rwanda. Zoellner, Tom,. London. pp. 54-55. ISBN 978-1-4088-0726-2. OCLC 891939094.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. Rusesabagina, Paul, 1954-. An ordinary man : the truth about Hotel Rwanda. Zoellner, Tom,. London. pp. 57–60. ISBN 978-1-4088-0726-2. OCLC 891939094.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. Rusesabagina, Paul, 1954-. An ordinary man : the truth about Hotel Rwanda. Zoellner, Tom,. London. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-4088-0726-2. OCLC 891939094.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. Rusesabagina, Paul, 1954-. An ordinary man : the truth about Hotel Rwanda. Zoellner, Tom,. London. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-4088-0726-2. OCLC 891939094.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. Gourevitch, Philip. "How the U.N. Ignored a Warning About the Rwandan Genocide". The New Yorker. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  29. "Propaganda and Practice (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  30. "Rwanda genocide: Habyarimana plane shooting probe dropped". BBC News. 26 December 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  31. "The Genocide (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)". www.hrw.org. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
  32. Ndahiro, Alfred and Privat Rutazibwa (2012). Hotel Rwanda or the tutsi genocide as seen by Hollywood. Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 57. ISBN 978-2-296-19180-8. OCLC 1100973151.
  33. Rusesabagina, Paul, 1954-. An ordinary man : the truth about Hotel Rwanda. Zoellner, Tom,. London. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-4088-0726-2. OCLC 891939094.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  35. Ndahiro and Rutazibwa (2008), p59.
  36. Rusesabagina (2009), p188.
  37. Rusesabagina (2009), p238.
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  39. "Why was Paul Rusesabagina of 'Hotel Rwanda' fame living in San Antonio when he was captured?". Dallas News. 11 October 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
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  41. "Keith Harmon Snow interview with Paul Rusesabagina". Allthingspass.com. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  42. Prunier, Gérard (2009). Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe. Oxford University Press. pp. 13. ISBN 9780199705832.
  43. Movie sparks public feud
  44. Karimi, Faith. "'Hotel Rwanda' hero denies sending money to rebels." CNN. 28 October 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
  45. Public lecture at University of Michigan, 27 March 2014 4:30-6
  46. Burke, Jason (31 August 2020). "'Hotel Rwanda' inspiration Paul Rusesabagina held on terror charges". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
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  48. https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/rusesabagina-faces-terrorism-murder-charges
  49. Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (8 September 2020). "UN urged to intervene in case of detained Hotel Rwanda dissident". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
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  51. Smith, Jeffrey (1 September 2020). "Rwanda just kidnapped its most famous activist. Will anyone speak out against the regime?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
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  54. Busari, Stephanie; Braithwaite, Sharon; McKenzie, David (1 September 2020). "'Hotel Rwanda' film hero Paul Rusesabagina arrested". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  55. "'Hotel Rwanda' Hero, in Jailhouse Interview, Says He Was Duped Into Arrest".
  56. "Prosecutor says 'Hotel Rwanda' man to be tried with rebels". AP NEWS. 5 October 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
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  58. "Paul Rusesabagina - Keynote Speaker". London Speaker Bureau. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
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  61. "2011 Prize Paul Rusesabagina". Lantos Foundation. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  62. "'An Ordinary Man' Navigates Rwanda's Genocide". NPR.org. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  63. Bishumba, Nasra (1 September 2020). "Rwanda: Scholars, Genocide Survivors, Weigh in On Rusesabagina's Arrest". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  64. EDT, Edouard Kayihura On 4/7/14 at 10:34 AM (7 April 2014). "Book Excerpt: The Real Story Behind 'Hotel Rwanda'". Newsweek. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  65. 12/29/2011 12:09 pm EST (29 December 2011). "Romeo Dallaire: Senator Slams 'Hotel Rwanda' Film As Revisionist 'Junk'". Huffingtonpost.ca. Retrieved 23 December 2015.

Further reading
  • Interview with Paul and Tatiana Rusesabagina in the Belgian magazine HUMO, nr. 3365, 1 March 2005.
  • Hotel Rwanda: A Lesson Yet to be Learned – talk (part of the Presidential Events series) at Eckerd College on 23 February 2006.
  • Rusesabagina on Gardens of the Righteous Worldwide – Gariwo
  • Shake Hands With The Devil - Gen Romeo Dallaire (Canada)
  • George, Terry. "Smearing a Hero." The Washington Post. Wednesday 10 May 2006.
  • Inside the Hotel Rwanda: The Surprising True Story and Why It Matters Today. Edouard Kayihura and Kerry Zukus. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2014.

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