Phraates II

Phraátēs (Φραάτης) is the Greek form of the Parthian Frahāt (𐭐𐭓𐭇𐭕), itself from the Old Iranian *Frahāta- ("gained, earned").[1] The Modern Persian version is Farhād (فرهاد).[2]

Phraates II was born in c. 147 BC; he was the son of Mithridates I, the fifth Parthian king, and a noblewoman named Rinnu, who was the daughter of a Median magnate.[3]

Phraates succeeded his father in 132 BC; due to still being a minor, his mother ruled with him for a few months.[4] Around this period, Phraates gave Darayan I kingship over the southern Iranian region of Persis.[5] Furthermore, he also defeated and captured the Elymais ruler Tigraios and appointed Kamnaskires the Younger on the Elymais throne as a Parthian vassal.[6] Continuing his fathers plan, Phraates II had intentions to conquer Syria, and planned to use his captive—the former Seleucid king (basileus) Demetrius II Nicator—as an instrument against his brother—the new Seleucid king Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138–129 BC).[7][8] According to the 2nd-century Roman historian Justin, Demetrius attempted to escape captivity twice, both times during the reign of Phraates. The first attempt occurred after Mithridates I's death, with the second attempt happening a few years after;

"Following his [Mithradates I's] death, despairing of [ever] returning [home], Demetrios, who did not bear his captivity, and was weary of a life, albeit opulent, as a private person, contemplated in secret a flight to (his) kingdom. But Phrahates , who had succeeded to Arsaces [Mithradates I], brought back the fugitive [Demetrios], who had been overtaken by the rapidity of the horsemen. Being taken to the king... he [the king] sent Demetrios, severely chastised, back to his wife in Hyrcania, and ordered that he be kept in confinement. Then, time having gone by... he [Demetrios] took flight again with the same friend as companion, with equal misfortune, he was seized near the borders of his kingdom, and conducted again to the king who regarded him with ill will; he was removed from his presence. Thereupon, as a grant to his wife and children he was sent back to Hyrcania, the city of his [former] imprisonment..."[9]

Map of Babylonia and its surroundings in the 2nd-century BC

Coin of Antiochus VII Sidetes, king (basileus) of the Seleucid Empire

Antiochus, well-aware of Phraates II's plans to use his brother against him, invaded the Parthian realm in 130 BC to thwart it.[8][10] He was reportedly well-received by many magnates, who joined him. After three battles he reclaimed Babylonia.[11][12] At the same time, the eastern Parthian frontier was invaded by nomads.[7] Antiochus' forces wintered in Parthian territory; before spring, he entered into negotiations with Phraates II.[13] Self-confident after his victories, Antiochus demanded not only the release of Demetrius, but also the return of the all lost lands and renewal of tribute fees. Phraates II, offended by the reply, broke off the negotiations and prepared for battle.[13][7]

Whilst wintering, Antiochus VII quartered himself and his army in Ecbatana, where he completely alienated the local people by forcing them to pay for the upkeep of his soldiers and because, it seems, the soldiers assaulted the locals.[11] Thus, when Phraates II attacked the Seleucid army in its winter quarters during the spring of 129 BC, the local population supported him. Antiochus was defeated and died, either in battle or by committing suicide, ending Seleucid rule east of the Euphrates.[14] Phraates, relishing over the death of Antiochus, is reported to have said the following before the latters corpse; "Your boldness and drunkenness, Antiochus, caused your fall; for you expected to drink up the kingdom of Arsaces in huge cups."[15]

Phraates II succeeded in capturing Seleucus and Laodice, two of Antiochus' children who had accompanied their father on campaign. Phraates II later married Laodice and showed Seleucus (not to be confused with his cousin Seleucus V) great favour.[16] He allowed Antiochus a royal funeral and later returned the body to Syria in a silver coffin along with Seleucus.[17] Phraates II also released Demetrius, who had been held by the Parthians as a hostage for several years, to become king of the Seleucid realm for a second time.

Syria, which was now all that was left of the Seleucid empire, lacked military power and Phraates II apparently planned to invade it. However, on the eastern front, various nomadic tribes already infiltrating and usurping the Saka and Tokhari destroyed the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, penetrated to the borders of the realm in 129 BC, and threatened the Parthian realm.[18] The king had to rush to the eastern front, installing Himeros as governor of Babylon, who quickly became a tyrant. Phraates II marched east, his army including a large force of captured Seleucid soldiers from the army of the late Antiochus. These soldiers ultimately refused to fight for the Parthian king, and he was defeated and killed in battle.

Coin of Phraates II

Phraates refrained from using the title of "King of Kings" in his coinage, and instead used the title of "great king".[19] Like the rest of the Parthian kings, he used the title of Arsaces on his coinage, which was the name of the first Parthian ruler Arsaces I (r. 247 – 217 BC), which had become a royal honorific among the Parthian monarchs out of admiration for his achievements.[20][21]

Furthermore, he also used the title of Philhellene ("friend of the Greeks"),[22] which had been introduced during the reign of his father Mithridates I (r. 171 – 132 BC) as a political act in order to establish friendly relations with their Greek subjects.[23] An unusual title attested during the reign of Phraates was the title of "King of the Lands" (attested in Babylonian cuneiform tablets as šar mātāti), which was rarely used by the Seleucid monarchs.[24] Like his father, Phraates is wearing a Hellenistic diadem, whilst his beard represents the traditional Iranian/Near Eastern custom.[25]