Physokermes

Physokermes
	Bud scales
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hemiptera
Suborder:	Sternorrhyncha
Superfamily:	Coccoidea
Family:	Coccidae
Genus:	Physokermes; Targioni Tozzetti 1868
Species
	See text

Physokermes are a genus of scale insects known as the bud scales. They are restricted to the Holarctic,[1] though Physokermes hemicryphus has been introduced to North America.[2] Some species are plant pests.

Morphology

Pre-reproductive females are membranous and reddish-brown, once females begin to lay eggs they are globular or kidney-shaped become light to dark brown, and eventually heavily sclerotized.[3] The adult females resemble the bud of their coniferous hosts,[4] hence the name bud scale.

Physokermes are difficult to identify to species, as only pre-reproductive females can be used.[4] Once females begin to oviposit, their bodies become distorted and it is not possible to detect the morphological features necessary to identify them to species.

Species

There are 13 described species in the genus Physokermes:[3]

Physokermes coloradensis Cockerell 1895
Physokermes concolor Coleman 1903 - fir bud-scale
Physokermes fasciatusBorchsenius 1957
Physokermes hellenicus Kozár & Gounari 2012
Physokermes hemicryphus (Dalman) 1826 - small spruce bud-scale
Physokermes inopinatus Danzig & Kozár 1973 - Hungarian spruce bud-scale
Physokermes insignicola (Craw) 1894 - Montery pine scale
Physokermes jezoensis Siraiwa 1939
Physokermes picaefoliae Tang 1984
Physokermes piceae (Schrank) 1801 - spruce bud-scale
Physokermes shanxiensis Tang 1991
Physokermes sugonjaevi Danzig 1972
Physokermes taxifoliae Coleman 1903 - Douglas fir scale

References

Kozar, F; Gounari, S; Hodgson, C; Fetyk, K; Goras, G. "A new species of Physokermes Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from Greece". Zootaxa. 3566: 23=28. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
Furniss, Malcolm M (2004). "Observations on an introduced bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Homoptera: Coccidae), infesting Norway spruce in Idaho". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 34 (6): 1348–1352. doi:10.1139/x04-016. ISSN 0045-5067.
García Morales, M; Denno, BD; Miller, DR; Ben-Dov, Y; Hardy, NB (2016). "Physokermes entry on scalenet". ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
Malumphy, C (2009). "Confirmation of the presence of small spruce bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), in Britain". British Journal of Entomology and Natural History. 22 (1): 15–22.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[key-1] Kozar, F; Gounari, S; Hodgson, C; Fetyk, K; Goras, G. "A new species of Physokermes Targioni Tozzetti (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) from Greece". Zootaxa. 3566: 23=28. Retrieved 26 June 2018.

[Furniss2004-2] Furniss, Malcolm M (2004). "Observations on an introduced bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Homoptera: Coccidae), infesting Norway spruce in Idaho". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 34 (6): 1348–1352. doi:10.1139/x04-016. ISSN 0045-5067.

[scalenet-3] García Morales, M; Denno, BD; Miller, DR; Ben-Dov, Y; Hardy, NB (2016). "Physokermes entry on scalenet". ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Retrieved 26 May 2018.

[Malumphy-4] Malumphy, C (2009). "Confirmation of the presence of small spruce bud scale, Physokermes hemicryphus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), in Britain". British Journal of Entomology and Natural History. 22 (1): 15–22.