Pioneers of Liberty

The Haymarket trial of 1886 sparked nationwide interest in anarchist ideas. On the day of the trial's sentencing, about a dozen Jewish workers of New York's Lower East Side founded the Pioneers of Liberty,[1] the first Jewish anarchist organization in the United States.[2] What started as the work of militants soon attracted members who would become noteworthy speakers and writers: David Edelstadt, Moshe Katz, Roman Lewis, Hillel Solotaroff, and Saul Yanovsky. Alexander Berkman became another famous member.[2] Many were in their mid-20s or earlier and together, their combined vim and oratory ability influenced immigrants of their neighborhood. The group was among the anarchist movement's most impactful.[1]

The Pioneers first organized around the Haymarket defendants, circulating propaganda among Jewish workers on the Lower East Side. The group ran Varhayt, a short-lived, first Yiddish-language anarchist newspaper in the United States, between February and June 1889. And together with the Jewish anarchist Knights of Liberty group, which sprang from the Pioneers of Liberty, the two organizations together founded the long-running Yiddish-language anarchist newspaper, Fraye Arbeter Shtime, in 1890. The Pioneers of Liberty also published an annual paper, Tfileh Zakeh (Pure Prayer), which circulated during the Jewish High Holy Days between 1889 and 1893.[2]

The Pioneers were defiantly antireligious. They eschewed religious tradition while retaining their secular Jewish identity. Beginning in 1889, they began hosting Yom Kippur balls, which featured blasphemous revelry on the holiest, most somber Jewish day of atonement. In this way, the Pioneers contributed towards a Jewish counterculture, with social events like picnics and concerts. The Chicago International Working People's Association, with whom the Pioneers were affiliated, worked similarly. In turn, the Pioneers of Liberty club was a prototype that would be replicated in other major cities of the Eastern seaboard.[2]