Pleurotus eryngii

Pleurotus eryngii (also known as king trumpet mushroom, French horn mushroom, king oyster mushroom, king brown mushroom, boletus of the steppes,[Note 1] trumpet royale, aliʻi oyster) is an edible mushroom native to Mediterranean regions of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, but also grown in many parts of Asia.[1]

Pleurotus eryngii
Pleurotus eryngii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Pleurotaceae
Genus:
Pleurotus
Species:
P. eryngii
Binomial name
Pleurotus eryngii
(DC.) Quél. 1872
Pleurotus eryngii
float
Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium
cap is depressed or offset
hymenium is decurrent
stipe is bare
spore print is white
ecology is saprotrophic
edibility: choice

Description

P. eryngii is the largest species in the oyster mushroom genus, Pleurotus, which also contains the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. It has a thick, meaty white stem and a small tan cap (in young specimens). Its natural range extends from the Atlantic Ocean through the Mediterranean Basin and Central Europe into Western Asia and India.[2] Unlike other species of Pleurotus, which are primarily wood-decay fungi, the P. eryngii complex are also weak parasites on the roots of herbaceous plants, although they may also be cultured on organic wastes.[2][3]

Taxonomy

Its species name is derived from the fact that it grows in association with the roots of Eryngium campestre or other Eryngium plants (English names: 'sea holly' or 'eryngo'). P. eryngii is a species complex, and a number of varieties have been described, with differing plant associates in the carrot family (Apiaceae).

  • P. eryngii var. eryngii (DC.) Quél 1872 – associated with Eryngium ssp.
  • P. eryngii var. ferulae (Lanzi) Sacc. 1887 – associated with Ferula communis[4]
  • P. eryngii var. tingitanus Lewinsohn 2002 – associated with Ferula tingitana[4]
  • P. eryngii var. elaeoselini Venturella, Zervakis & La Rocca 2000 – associated with Elaeoselinum asclepium[5][6]
  • P. eryngii var. thapsiae Venturella, Zervakis & Saitta 2002 – associated with Thapsia garganica[7]

Other specimens of P. eryngii have been reported in association with plants in the genera Ferulago, Cachrys, Laserpitium, and Diplotaenia.[2]

Molecular studies have shown Pleurotus nebrodensis to be closely related to, but distinct from, P. eryngii.[2] Pleurotus fossulatus may be another closely related species.[2]

Uses

The mushroom has a good shelf life and is cultivated widely. It has little flavor or aroma when raw. When cooked, it develops rich umami flavor and a meaty texture.

Pleurotus eryngii may contain chemicals that stimulate the immune system.[8] Dietary intake of Pleurotus eryngii may function as cholesterol-lowering dietary agent.[9]

Like some other Pleurotus species, P. eryngii attacks nematodes and may provide a control method for these parasites when they infect cats and dogs.

See also

Notes
  1. The name "boletus of the steppes" is misleading as Pleurotus eryngii is a gilled mushroom in order Agaricales and Boletus is a genus of mushrooms with pores rather than gills in order Boletales.

References
  1. Archived May 18, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  2. Zervakis, Georgios I.; Venturella, Giuseppe; Papadopoulou, Kalliopi (2001). "Genetic polymorphism and taxonomic infrastructure of the Pleurotus eryngii species-complex as determined by RAPD analysis, isozyme profiles and ecomorphological characters". Microbiology. 147 (11): 3183–3194. doi:10.1099/00221287-147-11-3183. PMID 11700370.
  3. Alma E. Rodriguez Estrada & Daniel J. Royse (February 2008). "Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis: from the wild to commercial production". Mushroom News. Archived from the original on 2014-06-10.
  4. Lewinsohn, D.; Wasser, S. P.; Reshetnikov, S. V.; Hadar, Y.; Nevo, E. (2002). "The Pleurotus eryngii species-complex in Israel: Distribution and morphological description of a New Taxon". Mycotaxon. 81: 51–67.
  5. Venturella, G.; Zervakis, G.; La Rocca, S. (2000). "Pleurotus eryngii var. elaeoselini var. nov. from Sicily". Mycotaxon. 76: 419–427.
  6. Alma E. Rodriguez Estrada; Maria del Mar Jimenez-Gasco & Daniel J. Royse (May–June 2010). "Pleurotus eryngii species complex: Sequence analysis and phylogeny based on partial EF1α and RPB2 genes". Fungal Biology. 114 (5–6): 421–428. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.03.003. PMID 20943152.
  7. Venturella, G.; G. Zervakis & A. Saitta (2002). "Pleurotus eryngii var. thapsiae var. nov. from Sicily". Mycotaxon. 81: 69–74.
  8. Nozaki H, Itonori S, Sugita M, Nakamura K, Ohba K, Suzuki A, Kushi Y (Aug 2008), "Mushroom acidic glycosphingolipid induction of cytokine secretion from murine T cells and proliferation of NK1.1 alpha/beta TCR-double positive cells in vitro", Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 373 (3): 435–9, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.047, PMID 18577373
  9. Alam, Nuhu; Yoon, Ki Nam; Lee, Jae Seong; Cho, Hae Jin; Shim, Mi Ja; Lee, Tae Soo (Oct 2011). "Dietary effect of Pleurotus eryngii on biochemical function and histology in hypercholesterolemic rats". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18 (4): 403–409. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2011.07.001. ISSN 1319-562X. PMC 3730794. PMID 23961153.

Sources
  • Rudabe Ravash; Behrouz Shiran; Aziz-Allah Alavi; Fereshteh Bayat; Saeideh Rajaee & Georgios I. Zervakis (2009). "Genetic variability and molecular phylogeny of Pleurotus eryngii species-complex isolates from Iran, and notes on the systematics of Asiatic populations". Mycological Progress. 9 (2): 181–194. doi:10.1007/s11557-009-0624-2. S2CID 19342206.
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