Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) (1984 c. 60) is an Act of Parliament which instituted a legislative framework for the powers of police officers in England and Wales to combat crime, and provided codes of practice for the exercise of those powers.[1] Part VI[2] of PACE required the Home Secretary to issue Codes of Practice governing police powers. The aim of PACE is to establish a balance between the powers of the police in England and Wales and the rights and freedoms of the public.[1] Equivalent provision is made for Northern Ireland by the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (SI 1989/1341). The equivalent in Scots Law is the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995. Although PACE is a fairly wide-ranging piece of legislation, it mainly deals with police powers to search an individual or premises, including their powers to gain entry to those premises, the handling of exhibits seized from those searches, and the treatment of suspects once they are in custody, including being interviewed. Specific legislation as to more wide-ranging conduct of a criminal investigation is contained within the Criminal Procedures and Investigation Act 1996.

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
Long titleAn Act to make further provision in relation to the powers and duties of the police, persons in police detention, criminal evidence, police discipline and complaints against the police; to provide for arrangements for obtaining the views of the community on policing and for a rank of deputy chief constable; to amend the law relating to the Police Federations and Police Forces and Police Cadets in Scotland; and for connected purposes.
Citation1984 c 60
Dates
Commencementin force
Other legislation
Relates toSerious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005, Police (Detention and Bail) Act 2011
Status: Amended
Text of statute as originally enacted
Text of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.

Criminal liability may arise if the specific terms of the Act itself are not conformed to, whereas failure to conform to the codes of practice while searching, arresting, detaining or interviewing a suspect may lead to evidence obtained during the process becoming inadmissible in court.

PACE also introduces various Codes of Practice, one of the most notable being an arrest without warrant can only be lawful if the necessity test contained within Code G of PACE is met.[3]

PACE was significantly modified by the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. This replaced nearly all existing powers of arrest, including the category of arrestable offences, with a new general power of arrest for all offences.[4]

PACE is applicable not only to police officers but to anyone with conduct of a criminal investigation including Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs[5] and to military investigations, the Ministry of Defence Police.[6] Any person with a duty of investigating criminal offences or charging offenders is also required to follow the provisions of the PACE codes of practice as far as practical and relevant.[7]

Despite its safeguards, PACE was extremely controversial on its introduction, and reviews have also been controversial,[8] as the Act was thought to give considerable extra powers to the police.

With the conjunction of the Inland Revenue and HM Customs and Excise into Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC), HMRC essentially gained extra powers since Customs and Excise had a statutory right of entry into a private dwelling, that is to say they were allowed to break and enter without reason, but the Inland Revenue did not. PACE and its subsequent enactments limits that. Various other government agencies including TV Licensing, the Royal Mail, BT Group (from its days of being spun off from General Post Office Telephones) and about seventeen others also have a statutory right of entry. One intent of PACE and its successors is to prevent the abuse of this right, or remove it entirely, to balance the privacy of the individual against the needs of the State.

Background

The 1981 Brixton riots and the subsequent Scarman report were key factors in the passage of the Act. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 was brought in following recommendations set out by the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure. The purpose of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 was to unify police powers under one code of practice and to balance carefully the rights of the individual against the powers of the police.

PACE Codes of Practice

The Home Office and the Cabinet Office announced a joint review of PACE and its codes of practice in May 2002, and on 31 July 2004, new PACE Codes of Practice came into effect. Following a further review in 2010, PACE Codes A, B and D were re-issued to take effect on 7 March 2011.

  • PACE Code A: deals with the exercise by police officers of statutory powers to search a person or a vehicle without first making an arrest. It also deals with the need for a police officer to make a record of such a stop or encounter.[9] On 1 January 2009, Code A was amended to remove lengthy stop and account recording procedures, requiring police to only record a subject's ethnicity and to issue them with a receipt.[10]
  • PACE Code B: deals with police powers to search premises and to seize and retain property found on premises and persons.
  • PACE Code C: sets out the requirements for the detention, treatment and questioning of people in police custody by police officers. It replaced the Judges' Rules in England and Wales.
  • PACE Code D: concerns the main methods used by the police to identify people in connection with the investigation of offences and the keeping of accurate and reliable criminal records.
  • PACE Code E: deals with the tape recording of interviews with suspects in the police station.
  • PACE Code F: deals with the visual recording with sound of interviews with suspects.

On 1 January 2006 an additional code came into force:

  • PACE Code G: deals with statutory powers of arrest.

On 24 July 2006 a further code came into force:

  • PACE Code H: deals with the detention of terrorism suspects.

Case law

In the case of Osman v Southwark Crown Court (1999),[11] the search of Osman was held to be unlawful because the officers searching him did not give their names and station, contrary to PACE's requirements.[12]

In O'Loughlin v Chief Constable of Essex (1997), the courts held that the entry of a premises under section 17 PACE to arrest O'Loughlin's wife for criminal damage was unlawful because under PACE, anyone present on the premises must be given the reason for entry.[13][14]

In the case of Christopher James Miller v Director of Public Prosecutions (2018)[15] Mr.Miller’s conviction for drug driving revoked because West Midland Police had breached Code C of PACE by not providing an appropriate adult despite him telling officers that he had Asperger and being aware from his previous interactions that he had Aspergers.

IPC C Investigation 2012/011560 - A breach of Code C of PACE occurred in 2012 when a vulnerable 11 year old girl Child H with a neurological disability similar to autism who was denied an appropriate adult at Crawley Police Station, after she was arrested in Horsham on 4 separate occasions for minor offences between February and March 2012. Sussex Police referred the complaint to IPCC and accepted the IPCC recommendations.[16]

However, not all cases have gone against the police; in R v Longman (1988), it was held that the police entry of a premises to execute a search warrant for drugs was lawful, although deception had been utilised to gain entry, and upon entering, the police had not identified themselves or shown the warrant.[17]

See also

References
  1. "Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) codes of practice". Home Office. GOV.UK. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  2. Part VI of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
  3. "Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) codes of practice".
  4. Spencer, J.R. (2007). "Arrest for Questioning". Cambridge Law Journal. 66 (2): 282–284. doi:10.1017/S0008197307000505.
  5. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, section 114
  6. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, section 113
  7. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, section 67(9). These include officers of the Serious Fraud Office (R v Director of the Serious Fraud Office, ex p. Saunders [1988] Crim LR 837), trading standards officers (Dudley MBC v Debenhams (1994) 159 JP 18), commercial investigators when interviewing an employee (Twaites and Brown (1990) 92 Cr App R 106), store detectives (Bayliss (1993) 98 Cr App R 235), Federation Against Copyright Theft investigators (Joy v Federation Against Copyright Theft [1993] Crim LR 588) and council officers. However such a duty is not owed by DTI inspectors appointed under sections 432 and 442 of the Companies Act 1985 (Seelig and Spens [1992] 1 WLR 148), nor by prison officers (Martin Taylor [2000] EWCA Crim 2922).
  8. Press Gazette: PACE review is 'wake-up' call
  9. Stop and Search Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine under Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
  10. Home Office Circular 032 / 2008 – Stop And Account: Amendment To Pace Code A, Home Office, 19 December 2008.
  11. "Osman v Southwark Crown Court". bailii.org. British and Irish Legal Information Institute.
  12. Martin, Jacqueline (2005). The English Legal System (4th ed.), p. 129. London: Hodder Arnold. ISBN 0-340-89991-3.
  13. O'Loughlin v Chief Constable of Essex [1997] EWCA Civ 2891
  14. Martin, p. 133.
  15. "Miller v Director of Public Prosecutions [2018] EWHC 262". bailii.org. British and Irish Legal Information Institute.
  16. "Recommendation - Sussex police, February 2016". policeconduct.gov.uk. Independent Office for Police Conduct.
  17. Martin, p. 132.
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