Polynoidae

Polynoidae is a family of marine Polychaete worms known as "scale worms" due to the scale-like elytra on the dorsal surface. Almost 900 species are currently recognised belonging to 9 subfamilies and 167 genera.[1] They are active hunters, but generally dwell in protected environments such as under stones. The group is widely distributed from shallow intertidal waters to hadal trenches.[2] They are the most diverse group of polychaetes in terms of genus number and second most diverse in terms of species number which is almost 8% of all segmented worm species.[1]

A scale worm moving along the substrate at a depth of 20m in the Lembeh Strait

Polynoidae
Dorsal view of Lepidonotus oculatus, a polynoid specimen from the Museums Victoria collection.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Polychaeta
Order: Phyllodocida
Suborder: Aphroditiformia
Family: Polynoidae
Genera

See text

Description

Most Polynoidae species are short and flattened, but can reach as much as 20 cm in length and 10 cm width in Eulagisca gigantea and Eulagisca uschakovi. Individuals are usually covered almost entirely by elytra, which can be shed and regenerated in many species. The elytra of some species are faintly bioluminescent, and leave glowing traces around the mouthparts of their predators, making those predators more likely to be attacked in turn.[3]

Deep sea

The first deep-sea species of Polynoidae was collected at 1230m during the Challenger Expedition and several a number of subfamilies appear to be restricted to the deep sea below 500m.[2] Species have colonised submarine caves and hydrothermal vents. Deep sea species are characterised by a partial or complete loss of antennae, fewer segments, a reduction in jaws and delicate elytra.[2][4]

Phylogenetic relationships

The Polynoidae has recently been shown to be monophyletic,[5] however relationships within the family are unclear and hence the number of valid subfamilies has been repeatedly revised in recent years. One of the main deep sea subfamilies, the Macellicephalinae has been consistently recovered as paraphyletic[6] and Bonifácio & Menot found that ten Polynoid subfamilies could be synonymized with it to create a homogeneous clade characterised by a lack of lateral antennae.[2] More recently, however, one of the synonymized subfamiles was reinstated.[4]

Genera

The following Polynoidae genera are recognised as valid as of June 2020:[1]

  • Dilepidonotus
  • Diplaconotum
  • Disconatis
  • Drieschella
  • Drieschiopsis
  • Frennia
  • Gastrolepidia
  • Gattyana
  • Gaudichaudius
  • Gesiella
  • Gorekia
  • Gorgoniapolynoe
  • Grubeopolynoe
  • Halosydna
  • Halosydnella
  • Halosydnopsis
  • Harmothoe
  • Hartmania
  • Hemilepidia
  • Hermadion
  • Hermadionella
  • Hermenia
  • Hermilepidonotus
  • Hesperonoe
  • Heteralentia
  • Heteropolynoe
  • Hololepida
  • Hololepidella
  • Hylosydna
  • Hyperhalosydna
  • Intoshella
  • Kermadecella
  • Lagisca
  • Lepidametria
  • Lepidasthenia
  • Lepidastheniella
  • Lepidofimbria
  • Lepidogyra
  • Lepidonopsis
  • Lepidonotopodium
  • Lepidonotus
  • Leucia
  • Levensteiniella
  • Lobopelma
  • Macellicephala
  • Macellicephaloides
  • Macelloides
  • Malmgrenia
  • Medioantenna
  • Melaenis
  • Minusculisquama
  • Natopolynoe
  • Neobylgides
  • Neohololepidella
  • Neolagisca
  • Neopolynoe
  • Nonparahalosydna
  • Olgalepidonotus
  • Ophthalmonoe
  • Parabathynoe
  • Paradyte
  • Paragattyana
  • Parahalosydna
  • Parahalosydnopsis
  • Parahololepidella
  • Paralentia
  • Paralepidonotus
  • Paranychia
  • Parapolyeunoa
  • Pararctonoella
  • Pareulagisca
  • Peinaleopolynoe
  • Pelagomacellicephala
  • Perolepis
  • Pettibonesia
  • Phyllantinoe
  • Phyllohartmania
  • Phyllosheila
  • Podarmus
  • Polaruschakov
  • Polyeunoa
  • Polynoe
  • Polynoella
  • Polynoina
  • Pottsiscalisetosus
  • Pseudohalosydna
  • Pseudopolynoe
  • Scalisetosus
  • Sheila
  • Showapolynoe
  • Showascalisetosus
  • Subadyte
  • Telodrieschia
  • Telolepidasthenia
  • Tenonia
  • Thermopolynoe
  • Thormora
  • Tottonpolynoe

References
  1. Read, G; Fauchald, K. "World Polychaeta database. Polynoidae Kinberg, 1856". World Register of Marine Species.
  2. Bonifácio, Paulo; Menot, Lénaïck (14 November 2018). "New genera and species from the Equatorial Pacific provide phylogenetic insights into deep-sea Polynoidae (Annelida)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185 (3): 555–635. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly063.
  3. Frost, Emily; Waters, Hannah (1 July 2015). "14 Fun Facts About Marine Bristle Worms". Smithsonian.com. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  4. Hatch, Avery S.; Liew, Haebin; Hourdez, Stéphane; Rouse, Greg W. (5 December 2020). "Hungry scale worms Phylogenetics of Peinaleopolynoe (Polynoidae, Annelida), with four new species". ZooKeys. 932: 27–74. doi:10.3897/zookeys.932.48532. ISSN 1313-2989.
  5. Gonzalez, Brett C.; Martínez, Alejandro; Borda, Elizabeth; Iliffe, Thomas M.; Eibye-Jacobsen, Danny; Worsaae, Katrine (2018). "Phylogeny and systematics of Aphroditiformia". Cladistics. 34: 225–259. doi:10.1111/cla.12202. ISSN 1096-0031.
  6. Norlinder, E; Nygren, A; Wiklund, H; Pleijel, F (2012). "Phylogeny of scale-worms (Aphroditiformia, Annelida), assessed from 18SrRNA, 28SrRNA, 16SrRNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), and morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (2): 490–500. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.002. PMID 22789762.

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