Pythium ultimum

Pythium ultimum is a plant pathogen. It causes the damping off and root rot diseases of hundreds of diverse plant hosts including corn, soybean, potato, wheat, fir, and many ornamental species.[1] P. ultimum belongs to the peronosporalean lineage of oomycetes,[2] along with other important plant pathogens such as Phytophthora spp. and many genera of downy mildews. P. ultimum is a frequent inhabitant of fields, freshwater ponds, and decomposing vegetation in most areas of the world. Contributing to the widespread distribution and persistence of P. ultimum is its ability to grow saprotrophically in soil and plant residue. This trait is also exhibited by most Pythium spp. but not by the related Phytophthora spp., which can only colonize living plant hosts.

Pythium ultimum
Scientific classification
Clade: SAR
Phylum: Oomycota
Order: Peronosporales
Family: Pythiaceae
Genus: Pythium
Species:
P. ultimum
Binomial name
Pythium ultimum
Trow, (1901)
Varieties

Pathology and disease management

Infections of seeds and roots are initiated by both the mycelia and spores of P. ultimum. Two spore types are made, depending on the strain. P. ultimum is a species complex that includes P. u. var. ultimum and P. u. var. sporangiiferum.[3] The major distinguishing feature is that sporangia and zoospores (swimming spores) are produced only rarely by P. u. var. ultimum. Both species make oospores, which are thick-walled structures produced by sexual recombination. Both varieties are self-fertile (homothallic), which means that a single strain can mate with itself. In addition to oospores, P. u. var. ultimum also makes hyphal swellings which germinate in a manner resembling sporangia to form plant-infecting hyphae. One important ecological difference between the different types of spores is that sporangia and zoospores are short-lived, while the thick-walled oospores can persist for years within soil, surviving even winter freezes. Mycelia and oospores in soil can infect seeds or roots. This leads to wilting, reduced yield, and ultimately plant death. Common signs of a Pythium infection include stunting of the plants, brown coloration of root-tips, and wilting of the plant during the warm part of the day. Management of disease is challenging but focuses on sanitation, fungicides, and biological control. Fungicides include mefenoxam, thiadiazole, etridiazole, propamocarb, dimethomorph, and phosphonates. Biological control agents include the bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces griseoviridis, and the fungi Candida oleophila, Gliocladium catenulatum, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma virens.[4]

Effective resistance in the plant host is generally not available. Sanitation is very important since the pathogen can be easily introduced into pasteurized soil or even soil-free potting mixes on dirty tools or pots. Especially in greenhouses, fungus gnats may also help move the pathogen from place to place. A recent study of greenhouses in Michigan revealed that the same pathogen populations were responsible for the root rot of all greenhouse ornamental plants over a two-year period. These results stress the importance of sanitation and encourage greenhouse growers to improve their scouting of all incoming plant material to prevent additional root rot.[5]

Genetics

The genomes of both P. u. var. ultimum and P. u. var. sporangiiferum have been sequenced.[6][7] Analysis of the genomes suggest that the two species encode 15,290 and 14,086 proteins, respectively.

References
  1. Farr, D. F. and Rossman, A. Y. (2014) Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-01-30. Retrieved 2007-01-30.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. Dick, M. W. (2001) Straminipilous Fungi. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers
  3. Schroeder, K. L., Martin, F. N., de Cock, A. W. A. M., Levesque, C. A., Spies, C. F. J., Okubara, P. A., et al. (2013) Molecular detection and quantification of Pythium species: evolving taxonomy, new tools, and challenges. Plant Dis. 97, 4-20.
  4. Moorman, G. Pythium. http://extension.psu.edu/pests/plant-diseases/all-fact-sheets/pythium
  5. Del Castillo Múnera, Johanna; Quesada-Ocampo, Lina M.; Rojas, Alejandro; Chilvers, Martin I.; Hausbeck, Mary K. (2019). "Population Structure of Pythium ultimum from Greenhouse Floral Crops in Michigan". Plant Disease. American Phytopathological Society. 103 (5): 859–867. doi:10.1094/PDIS-03-18-0394-RE. PMID 30908944. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  6. Adhikari, B. N., Hamilton, J. P., Zerillo, M. M., Tisserat, N., Levesque, C. A. and Buell, C. R. (2013) Comparative genomics reveals insight into virulence strategies of plant pathogenic oomycetes. PLoS ONE 8, e75072
  7. Levesque, C. A., Brouwer, H., Cano, L., Hamilton, J. P., Holt, C., Huitema, E., et al. (2010) Genome sequence of the necrotrophic plant pathogen Pythium ultimum reveals original pathogenicity mechanisms and effector repertoire. Genome Biol. 11, R73.
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