Quisisana

Quisisana was a German company that introduced the world's first automat restaurant in June 1895 on the grounds of the Berlin Zoological Garden, Germany.[1] The establishment was considered a success, selling 5,400 sandwiches, 9,000 glasses of wine and cordials, and 22,000 cups of coffee on its first Sunday of business.[2] Quisisana also manufactured automat machines and equipment,[3] including a milk vending machine which was adapted for use in German schools.[4]

This article is about the German automat company Quisisana. For the Italian palace Reggia di Quisisana, see Reggia di Quisisana.
The world's first automat "Quisisana" at 13 Leipziger Straße in Berlin Germany. Illustration from 1897.

The name Quisisana comes from the Italian phrase qui si sana, which roughly translates to "here one is healed" or "here you become healthy".[5] Automat is a loanword from German for automaton which was adopted from Latin automatus, who originally borrowed it from the Greek autómatos (αὐτόματος) meaning "acting of itself".[6]

History and American expansion

After the introduction of the first automat in Berlin and a demonstration of the technology at the Brussels World Fair in 1887, the company soon expanded into other European cities such as Vienna in 1898, whilst also purveying their concept in the United States.[1] Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart, owners of the first automat in the United States, were inspired by the Quisisana automat restaurant after Hardart, of Bavarian heritage himself, visited one in 1900. Hardart then supposedly convinced Horn to place an order for automat equipment from the Quisisana company itself, in order to expand their existing restaurant services. However, some sources instead state that they purchased their vending machines in 1901[7] from a person of the name Max Sielaff, a salesman looking to sell vending machines designed by a German engineer from Automat GmbH.[8][9] Sielaff had supposedly been convincing the partners to purchase automat equipment since 1898, and believed America would be receptive to this new technology.[7]

Quisisana, No. 57 Kärntnerstraße, Vienna

It took two years for Quisisana's equipment to arrive in Philadelphia, the home of their restaurant, owing to the first machine being transported by a steamship which sank.[8] Their insurance company covered the bill and they received their automat equipment in 1902 — the same year they opened their automat under the name Horn & Hardart at No. 818 Chestnut Street. Horn and Hardart ordered more German equipment in 1905, '07, and '12,[10] each time having it refined by their chief engineer John Fritsche,[11] before eventually devising their own automat machines.[3][12]

Payment methods

In the United States customers paid for the meals by exchanging larger sums of money for change at a register[13] without a number display, supposedly keeping diner's spending habits discreet.[14] Whereas in Austria a system of tokens existed for the restaurant on Kärntner Straße (potentially alongside cash as well) with the inscription "Automaten Buffet, Quisisana" on the front face and "Centrale Wien-I, Kärtnerstr. 57" on the back face, referring to No. 57, Kärtnerstraße, District 1, Vienna.

There also exist tokens displaying an unknown illustration on the back face instead of writing, possibly suggesting these were used by different Quisisana automats.[15] The original automat in Berlin supposedly exclusively used tokens as well.[16] It still remains unknown whether this token system applied to other establishments in Europe, or whether it was reserved the automat buffets located in Germany and Austria.

See also

References
  1. Smith, A.F.; Oliver, G. (2015). Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-19-939702-0. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  2. Whitaker, Jan (3 May 2010). "Before Horn & Hardart: European automats". Restaurant-ing through history. Archived from the original on 2013-01-04. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  3. Grimes, W. (2009). Appetite City: A Culinary History of New York. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 189. ISBN 978-1-4299-9027-1. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  4. Schreiber (1954). Automatic Selling. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 78.
  5. "qui si sana". ProZ. 2002. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  6. Kluge, Friedrich (2001). Seebold, Elmar (ed.). Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (24th Revised and Expanded Ed. Auflage ed.). Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110174731.
  7. Oliver, Garrett (2016). Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City. OUP USA. p. 24. ISBN 978-0199397020.
  8. "Lunch at the Robot Grill". Harper's Magazine. 4 September 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  9. Framke, Gisela (1993). 8 Stunden sind kein Tag: Freizeit und Vergnügen in Dortmund, 1870 bis 1939. Edition Braus. p. 58. ISBN 3894660546.
  10. Landmarks Preservation Commission (30 January 2007). "Horn & Hardart Automat - Cafeteria Building" (PDF). s-media.nyc.gov. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  11. Saxena, Jaya (2016). The Book of Lost Recipes: The Best Signature Dishes From Historic Restaurants Rediscovered. Page Street Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 978-1624142390.
  12. Saxena, J. (2016). The Book of Lost Recipes: The Best Signature Dishes From Historic Restaurants Rediscovered. Page Street Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-62414-239-0. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
  13. "The Automat: Thirty Day Princess". 5 June 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  14. Hughes Crowley, Carolyn (August 2001). "Meet Me at the Automat". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on 2013-12-17. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  15. "Token Wien Automatencafé Quisisana". Numismatik-Café. 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  16. "Austrian machine token". World of Coins. 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
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